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Gen Chem > 1: atomic & nuclear structure > Flashcards

1: atomic & nuclear structure Flashcards

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1
Q

bohr’s model, correct and incorrect

A

e- in orbits, infinite number of them

incorrect: orbitals, not orbits
correct: energy is quantized in each orbit(al)

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2
Q

4 orbital types

A

s: spherical (1)
p: dumbbell (3)
d: 4 leaf clover (4 of them) and 5th is weird 2 lobes separated by circle tube thing
f: hoo cares

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3
Q

nucleus, z + n

A

z: protons
n: neutrons
z+n = mass n
z = atomic number

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4
Q

atomic mass on PTE

A

avg of all naturally occuring isotopes; lever rule to determine atomic mass from natural abundancies

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5
Q

PTE, groups = columns, chemically similar

I, II, VIII, VII

A

I: alkali metals: basic, very reactive (redox explosion with H2O)
II: alkaline earth metals: basic soln in H2O, not as reactive as group I
VIII: noble gases: inert
VII: halogens

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6
Q

electron configuration overview

A

orbitals = 1s 3p 5d 7f; each one holds 2e-

  • every shell has n^2 orbitals
  • n=shell number=principle quantum number
  • max electrons = 2n^2
  • groups I and II: s (1st 2 e-)
  • groups III-VIII: p (next 6 e-)
  • transition metals: d (10)
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7
Q

exceptions (5, transition metals)

A 
Cr: [Ar]4s1.3d5
Mo: [Kr]5s1.4d5
Cu: [Ar]4s1.3d10
Ag: [Kr]5s1.4d10
Au: [Xe]6s1.5d10
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8
Q

cation formation, how?

A

remove e- from highest shell first

ex: Zn: [Ar]4s2.3d10 –> [Ar]3d10

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9
Q

how do you find what neutral atom is based off of excited state?

A

just add up all electrons and you have atomic number, example of excited state– [Ar]4s1.3d10.6p1

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10
Q

magnetism: para vs dia

A

paramagnetic: unpaired e-; attracted to magnetic field — more unpaired e- = more paramagnetic
diamagnetic: all paired e-; deflection from magnetic field

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11
Q

what does an odd or even number of e- tell you in terms of magnetism

A

odd = para (unpaired)

even = no info

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12
Q

orbital filling

A

-degenerate orbitals = equal in energy
-each degenerate orbital gets 1 e- before any of them get 2e-
-everything up to the noble gas is all paired/filled – core electrons
-past these = valence, outermost shell, highest in energy
***once d shell is full, it is part of previously filled core shell (based on NUMBER)
so, Br [Ar] 4s2.3d10.4p5 has 7 valence e-

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13
Q

d shell rules, once it is full…then what?

A

it is part of previously filled shell, based on number, and its electrons are not considered valence

ex: Br[Ar] 4s2.3d10.4p5 has 7 valence e-

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14
Q

Pauli Exclusion Principle

A

no 2e- have same 4 quantum numbers

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15
Q

quantum numbers:

A

n: principle q#, shell #
l: azmithal, subshell (0=s, 1=p, 2=d, 3=f)
ml: magnetic – specific orbital
ms: spin up or down, +-1/2

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16
Q

range of quantum numbers

A

n: 1->infinity
l: 0->(n-1)
ml: -l –> +l
ms: 1/2 or -1/2

17
Q

azmithal numbers mean what

A

subshell: 0=s 1=p 2=d 3=f

18
Q

electron energy levels – QUANTIZED

A

lowest = closest to nucleus
higher energy = excited, farther from nucleus
each shell # corresponds to n
absorb a photon of light (exact correct amount!) and e- jumps to higher shell – only certain energies to absorb/emit for n1–>2, n1–>4, etc

19
Q

how did they determine composition of sun? absorption spectrum application

A

sun = 75% H

  • take white light (all colors) and shine through H gas, then open up the light that comes through the other side with a prism and see what colors are missing (they were absorbed by H)
  • those colors had exact amount of energy between H levels
  • white from sun through prism, same colors missing
  • *absorption spectrum is unique for every element
20
Q

emission

A

fall in energy, relax to lower state, emit photon

ID element by exciting w/electricity adn watching electron fall - because it gives off certain colors/energies of light and based on those, you can ID element

21
Q

higher energy means what in terms of wavelength and frequency

A

high energy = high freq, low wavelength

22
Q

nuclear structure

A

protons (+) and neutrons

protons repel each other, but strong nuclear force holds them together

23
Q

relation between mass and penetrating power of nuclear particles

A

as mass decreases, pentrating power increases (so gamma rays have highest and alpha particles have lowest)

24
Q

nuclear particles: 5 types

A

alpha particle: He nucleus, no e-, 2 pro and 2 neu, +2 charge, mass = 4

p: proton, +1 charge, mass =1
n: neutron, 0 charge, mass = 1

b = electron, -1 charge, mass = 0

gamma = no mass or charge

25
Q

characteristics of stable nuclei: 3 of them

A
  1. even # protons and/or neutrons – pair up spins = higher stability
  2. n/z ratio ~1 (if z<20) – belt of stability (past Ca, does not apply)
  3. magic #s (2, 8, 20, 50, 82, 126) - # nucleons added up
26
Q

nuclear rxn: parent –> daughter(s) + energy - mass

A

E=mc^2 accounts for mass loss

  • stronger because more energy in nucleus than electron clouds
  • daughter = more stable than parents
  • matter and energy are different forms of the same thing
27
Q

E=mc^2 application

A

m: kg
c: m/s (speed of light)
E: joules

all products of nuclear rxns are lighter than parents because energy release comes from conversion of mass to energy

28
Q

5 routes of decay

A
  1. alpha decay: reduce mass #, emit alpha particle (2p + 2n) – large nuclei, z>83
  2. beta decay/emission: n–>p, convert neutron to proton when n/z is too high, atomic number goes UP 1, when above belt of stability
  3. positron emission: p–>n, convert proton to neutron n when N/Z is too low, atomic number goes down 1 (below belt)
  4. electron capture: convert a p–>n for same reasons as above
  5. gamma decay: when nucleus falls from excited to ground state, gives off gamma ray. gamma ray is product
29
Q

what is one difference of electron capture than other 4 types of decay

A

particle is a REACTANT – add e- to a proton to make a neutron and drop atomic number by 1

30
Q

kinetics of nuclear decay

A

1st order, constant half life (t1/2), rate is proprtional, lnN=lnN(nought)-kt

31
Q

highest nuclear binding energy per nucleon?

A

56/26 Fe - MOST STABLE NUCLEUS

  • lighter nuclei want to fuse to get closer (fusion, center of star)
  • heavier nuclei want to divide (fission)
32
Q

NBE = nuclear binding energy

A

energy supplied by the strong nuclear force that holds nucleus

33
Q

how much energy is given off in nuclear reaction

A

E = (delta)mc^2

delta m = mass defect

Gen Chem (7 decks)

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