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Communication Disorder > 1. Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Systems > Flashcards

1. Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory System

A

the driving force for speech

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2
Q

Respiratory System: what’s the role of diaphragm during Inhalation

A

Breathing in (causing diaphragm to be pulled down.

Optional stuff to remember for test:
- Chest expands due to contraction of
thoracic and neck muscles
- Lungs expand
- Air pressure inside lungs decreases
relative to atmospheric pressure
- Air then enters the lungs
-Air pressure inside and outside the
lungs equalize

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3
Q

Respiratory System: what’s the role of diaphragm during Exhalation

A

Breathing out (causing diaphragm to relax)

Optional stuff to remember for test:
-Thoracic muscles cease to contract
- Chest and lungs gradually bounce
back
- Air pressure inside lungs increases
relative to atmospheric pressure
- Air exits the lungs
- Air pressure inside and outside the
lungs equalize

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4
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Air will flow from areas of high to low pressure

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5
Q

Phonatory System

A

vocal folds structures vibrate setting air molecules in the vocal tract into multiple frequencies of vibrations.

Simplified: the production and utterance of speech sounds

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5
Q

Boyle’s Law
-Biological functions related to Boyle’s Law

A
  • Inspiration: air pressure in the lungs decreases, air enters the lungs to equalize the pressure
  • Expiration: air pressure in the lungs increases, air flows out of the lungs to equalize pressure
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6
Q

Phonatory System: Location of the Larynx

A

Located in the front of the neck

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7
Q

Phonatory System: Primary function of the larynx

A

Primary function - Biological
- Protects the lower airway
- Thoracic fixation

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8
Q

Phonatory System: Secondary function of the larynx

A

Secondary function - Phonation
- Produces vocal sounds

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9
Q

Phonatory System: Role of the vocal folds in sound production

A

Vibration of the vocal folds because of air traveling through the larynx allows us to produce sounds/other vocal sounds

Simplified: allows us to produce sounds/other vocal sounds

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10
Q

Articulatory/Resonating System

A

Air passes through an acoustic filter that selectively enhances or dampens frequencies

Simplified: all the body parts we use to produce speech sounds

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11
Q

Articulatory/Resonating System: Key Structures

A

1)Hard Palate
2)Alveolar Ridge
3)Velum (soft palate)
4)cheeks
5)Urula
6)Tongue
7)Lips

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12
Q

Articulatory/Resonating System: Key Structures and their roles

1) Hard Palate

A

bone that separates the nasal and oral cavity. The roof of the mouth. It provides a place of contact to produce certain sounds.

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13
Q

Articulatory/Resonating System: Key Structures and their roles

2) Alveolar Ridge

A

the ridge right before the teeth. Where the tongue goes to produce the sounds /t/ and /d/

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14
Q

Articulatory/Resonating System: Key Structures and their roles

3) Velum (soft palate)

A

posterior to the hard palate. At rest the soft palate is down when swallowing, it rises to close off and protect the nasal cavity from getting anything in it. This is called the velopharyngeal closure and moves to create certain sounds. It opens for /m/, /n/, and /ng/ when closed it touches the posterior pharyngeal wall.

Simplified: produces consonants

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15
Q

Articulatory/Resonating System: Key Structures and their roles

4) Cheeks

A
  • Contain several muscles that help shape the mouth to create certain sounds during speech
  • Primary function is biting and chewing but they also function to create oral sounds
16
Q

Articulatory/Resonating System: Key Structures and their roles

5) Urula

A
  • teardrop shaped
  • Structure float hangs from the velum
  • Has no known function
17
Q

Articulatory/Resonating System: Key Structures and their roles

6) Tongue

A
  • Primary articulator
  • Main function is for eating
    -Any movement of the tongue can modify
    the air stream and create different sounds

Simplified: primary articulator

18
Q

Articulatory/Resonating System: Key Structures and their roles

7) Lips

A

-Lips are the second most important (after the tongue) for articulation
-They can protrude and retract to create sound

19
Q

Speech vs. Language

A

Speech: production of sounds
-based in anatomy and physiology development

Language: rule-governed and socially shared, and abstract concept
-a way to construct how we share our thoughts, feelings, wants, and needs

20
Q

Disorders affect on: Speech

A
  • Incorrect production of speech sounds can make it difficult to communicate with others.
  • Can affect a person’s ability to be understood which can effect how they feel and view themselves and how others view them as well
21
Q

Disorders affect on: Language

A
  • Cognitive functions
  • Social interactions
  • Biological structures and functions
22
Q

Disorders affect on: Hearing

A

can often affect a person’s ability to produce sounds

23
Q

Roles of Speech-Language Pathologist

A

-evaluation & diagnosis
-developing treatment plans

24
Q

Roles of Audiologists

A
  • They screen newborns/train medical technicians to do the screening
  • Evaluate hearing to determine the type and the extent of the loss
  • Determine benefits of amplification (ex: hearing aids)
  • Dispense hearing aids (if part of the practice)
  • Some work with balance disorders (inner ear problems)
25
Q

Opportunities for collaboration for Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists

A
  • public schools
  • hospitals (acute, subacute, convalescent)
  • clinics
  • private practices
  • universities
26
Q

Stages of language development: Characteristics of Infants

A
  • reflexive sounds
  • dependent on sensory systems
  • uses body language/ facial expression to
    communicate
  • relay more on auditory/tactile input
  • delayed development of abstract
    concepts that require vision
  • smaller vocabulary size
27
Q

Stages of language development: Characteristics of Toddlers

A

communicative competence increases with 2-word sentences

28
Q

Stages of language development: Characteristics of Preschoolers

A
  • 300 words by 3
  • beginning literacy (reading with adults)
  • synonyms understood
  • receptive > expressive vocabulary
  • parallel speech
  • telegraphic speech (language)
  • narrative development begins. discourse
    develops
29
Q

Stages of language development: Characteristics of School-age children

A
  • contractions, grammatical morphemes
  • reading to learn
  • inferencing, perspective taking
  • figurative language
30
Q

Stage of language development: when major milestones are reached for communication

A

3 years old

31
Q

Theories of language development: Behavioral Theory

A

language is a set of verbal behaviors learned through operant (instrumental) conditioning

Simplified: language learned through positive reinforcement and conditioning

32
Q

Theories of language development: Nativist theory

A
  • Language is innate, physiologically determined
  • Universally “prewired” for language from birth
  • Language is refined by exposure in the environment
33
Q

Theories of language development: Semantic-cognitive theory

A

-Piaget’s stages
-stage 1: Sensorimotor
-stage 2: Preoperational
-stage 3: Concrete Operational
-stage 4: Formal Operational
-language learning and cognition are connected
-children know what they want to communicate, but may not have the language to do so yet

34
Q

Theories of language development: Social-pragmatic theory

A
  • Communication with another person is the basis of language
  • Considers joint attention, turn-taking as prerequisites for language
35
Q

Theories of language development: Cultural and linguistic diversity perspective

A
  • Children develop language within the context of caregivers and community
  • No language is more superior than another
36
Q

Fundamental concepts in language:
Form of Language
-morphology
-syntax

A

-Morphology: the study of the structure (form) of words
-Syntax: the rules that dictate the acceptable sequence, combination, and function of words in a sentence; the way in which words are put together in a sentence to convey meaning

Communication Disorder (2 decks)

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