#1 anatomy Flashcards
what is the cerebrum derived from embryologically
- telencephalon
what is the dominant hemisphere of the cerebrum
- left - most people are right handed
the cerebral hemispheres consists of 6 lobes, what are these?
- frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insular, limbic
frontal extends from where to where?
- central sulcus to frontal pole
- lies superior to sylvian fissure
what does frontal lobe contain?
- precentral gyrus: contains primary motor area
- sup frontal gyrus, middle frontal (contralateral voluntary eye movement), inferior frontal (broca speech area language production)
what happens after damage to brocas area?
- expressive dysphasia -> patient can still comprehend words but produces faulty sentences and phonemic errors e.g. parket vs carpet
parietal lobe extends from where?
- central sulcus to occipital lobe and lies superior to temporal lobe
what does parietal lobe contain?
- postcentral gyrus: contain primary somatosensory area
- superior parietal lobule, inferior parietal - damage to tis area causes nominal aphasia -> problems recalling words, names and numbers
temporal lobe lies where and extends from where to where?
- lies inferior to sylvan fissure
- extends from temporal pole to occipital lobe
what does temporal lobe contain?
- superior temporal gyrus - contains aduitory area of cortex and wernickes speech area
- middle temporal gyrus
- inferior temporal gyrus
damage to temporal lobe, particularly in dominant sup temporal gyrus what can have?
- receptive dysphasia
- individual has impaired comprehension and produces jargon ‘word salad’ however their speech is fluent
where does occipital lobe lie
- caudal to parietal-occipital sulcus
what does occipital lobe contain?
- visual cortex
where does insula lie?
deep within lateral sulcus
where is limbic system?
- group of structures located on medial hemisphere - that encircles corpus callosum
what is limbic system function?
- serves for higher emotional functions
- contains major component of memory system
- important structures include - cingulate gyrus and hippocampus
cerebellum is derived embryologically from what?
metencephalon
where is cerebellum located?
- located in posterior cranial fossa and is separated from cerebrum by tentorium cerebelli
- contains 2 hemispheres - connected by midline structure called vermis
cerebellum is divided into 3 components what are they?
- vestibulocerebellum
- spinocerebellum
- cerebrocerebellum
cerebellar dysfunction can produce symptoms which are memorised by word DANISH what are they?
dysdiadchokinesia - impairment of rapid alternating movements
ataxia - patients may suffer from ‘broad-based’ gait
nystagmus - carry out the H-test for extraocular muscle function and notice if there is any nystagmus
intention tremor - finger-nose test
scanning dysarthria - patient speaks slowly w poor articulation of speech
hypotonia - reduced tone
what is derived embryologically from the diencephalon?
thalamus
hypothalamus
subthalamus
epithalamus
what is largest portion of diencephalon?
- thalamus
- major relay centre for brain and contains many nuclei that have diff functions
thalamic infarction can cause?
- hemiparesis
- spontaneous pain
- hemichorea
- severe impairment of consciousness
hypothalamus influences what 3 systems?
- ANS
- endocrine system
- limbic system
what 2 hormones are synthesised into the hypothalamus?
- ADH and oxytocin
what is wernicke encephalopathy?
- mammillary nucleus receives
