1. Anat (Blood)

Question 1

2 ways of separating blood into different components

Answer 1

Method 1: blood collected with anticoagulant (eg heparin) & centrifuged

Method 2: blood collected without anticoagulant & left to coagulate and settle

Question 2

plasma vs serum

Answer 2

Plasma: albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins, lipids, hormones, vitamins (obtained when anticoagulants added when separating blood)

Serum: same as plasma but lack fibrinogen

Question 3

Characteristics of blood (volume, pH, colour)

Answer 3

• volume in adult: male 5-6L, female 4-5L
• pH: slightly alkaline (7.35 - 7.45)
• colour: scarlet/ bright red (oxygenated), deep red (deoxygenated)

Question 4

composition of blood

Answer 4

water, proteins, other solutes

Question 5

types of proteins in blood and their fucntion

Answer 5

• albumin (most): contribute to plasma osmotic pressure, transport lipids/steroid hormones
• globulins: transport (ions, hormones, lipids), immune function
• fibrinogen: essential component of clotting system
• regulatory proteins (enzymes, hormones)

Question 6

type of solutes and function in blood

Answer 6

• electrolytes: contribute to osmotic pressure and cellular activity
• organic nutrients
• organic wastes

Question 7

what are formed elements

Answer 7

RBC, buffy coat (WBC), platelets

Question 8

RBC lifespan and shape

Answer 8

120 days (3-4mths); biconcave shape (increase SA and allow RBC to bend)

Question 9

generation and removal of RBC

Answer 9

generated in the red bone marrow; worn out RBCs removed by macrophages or destroyed in the liver & spleen

Question 10

what organelles does the RBC has?

Answer 10

lack nucleus & most organelles

Question 11

describe sickle cell disease

Answer 11

a point mutation of Hb ß chain resulting in HbS (abnormal form of Hb)

HbS molecules polymerise and aggregate when deoxygenated → no biconcave shape

Question 12

describe the blood in sickle cell disease pt

Answer 12

increased blood viscosity and shortened RBC lifespan
BUT resistant to malaria

Question 13

what organelles does WBC contain

Answer 13

contain nuclei and various organelles unlike RBC

Question 14

lifespan and origination of WBC

Answer 14

• originate from bone marrow stem cells
• lifespan: a few days

Question 15

list granulocytes

Answer 15

(NBE) neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Question 16

list agranulocytes

Answer 16

(ml) lymphocytes, monocytes

Question 17

describe neutrophil

Answer 17

larger than RBC, lobbed nucleus (3-5 segments), highly mobile (first WBC to arrive at site of inflammation)

Question 18

describe eosinophils

Answer 18

reddish-orange granules, phagocytosis, defenders against large multicellular parasites (numbers increases dramatically in parasitic infection)

Question 19

describe basophils

Answer 19

deep purple/blue basophilic granules, bi-lobed nucleus is often covered by granules (cannot see), can be found in allergic rx (anaphylaxis & asthma), release histamines

Question 20

describe monocytes

Answer 20

largest WBC, nucleus is large (eccentrically/not center placed, oval or kidney shaped), generate tissue macrophages, phagocytosis, antigen presentation

Question 21

describe lymphocytes

Answer 21

T & B lymphocytes cannot be differentiated by blood smear, slightly larger than RBC, thin halo of cytoplasm around large nucleus

Question 22

lifespan of platelets and how they are removed

Answer 22

circulates for 9-12 days before being removed by splenic phagocytes

Question 23

production of platelets

Answer 23

produced in bone marrow by megakarocytes (platelets are fragments of megakarocytes)

Question 24

describe platelet appearance

Answer 24

• non-nucleated cell fragments, very small size
• purple stained and granular appearance on blood smear

Question 25

function of platelets

Answer 25

• adhere to collagenous tissue to form temporary patch
• release chemicals to induce platelet aggregation
• promote blood clot

Question 26

where are RBC removed

Answer 26

bone marrow, liver, spleen

Question 27

which blood cell does not mature in bone marrow?

Answer 27

immature T lymphocytes from red bone marrow migrate to thymus to further differentiate and mature