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science yr 10 (1) > 1 (all) > Flashcards

1 (all) Flashcards

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1
Q

Q: What is an allele?

A

A: A variant form of a gene that can produce different traits.

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2
Q

Q: What is a genotype?

A

A: The genetic makeup of an individual, consisting of alleles for a particular gene.

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3
Q

Q: What is a phenotype?

A

A: The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, determined by the genotype.

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4
Q

Q: What is a gene?

A

A: A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait or function.

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5
Q

Q: What is a chromosome?

A

A: A thread-like structure made of DNA that contains genes.

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6
Q

Q: What is DNA?

A

A: Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms.

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7
Q

Q: What is a gamete?

A

A: A reproductive cell (sperm or egg) that carries half the genetic information of an individual.

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8
Q

Q: What does diploid mean?

A

A: A cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

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9
Q

Q: What is a mutation?

A

A: A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to altered traits or functions.

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9
Q

Q: What does haploid mean?

A

A: A cell that contains only one set of chromosomes, typical of gametes.

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10
Q

Q: What is the structure of DNA that codes for inheritable characteristics?

A

Double helix

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11
Q

Q: What are the lengths of DNA that code for specific traits called?

A

Genes

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12
Q

Q: How is DNA passed from parents to offspring?

A

Gametes

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13
Q

Q: What process reduces the chromosome number by half in gametes?

A

Meiosis

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14
Q

Q: What does gene mapping and sequencing allow scientists to do?

A

A: Identify and locate mutations in DNA.

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15
Q

Q: What is the basic structure of a chromosome?

A

A: A structure made of DNA that contains many genes.

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16
Q

Q: Where is DNA typically found in eukaryotic cells?

A

Nucleus

17
Q

Q: What does it mean for a cell to be haploid?

A

A: It contains one set of chromosomes.

18
Q

Q: What does it mean for a cell to be diploid?

A

Contains two sets

19
Q

Q: How do you apply the analogy of letters and words to DNA?

A

A: Nitrogen bases are letters, genes are words, chromosomes are sentences, and the genome is a complete text.

20
Q

Q: What is the significance of complementary base pairing in DNA replication?

A

A: It ensures accurate copying of genetic information.

21
Q

Q: What characterizes a dominant allele?

A

A: It is expressed in the phenotype with just one copy present.

22
Q

Q: What characterizes a recessive allele?

A

A: It is expressed only when two copies are present.

23
Q

Q: How would you identify the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype?

A

A: Perform a test cross with a homozygous recessive individual.

24
Q

Q: Why are germ-line mutations significant for inheritance?

A

A: They occur in reproductive cells and can be passed to offspring.

25
Q

Q: How do you determine if a trait is dominant or recessive using offspring?

A

A: Observe the phenotypes of the offspring produced from parental crosses.

26
Q

Q: What is the result of crossing two heterozygous individuals for a trait?

A

A: A phenotypic ratio of 3:1 in the offspring.

27
Q

Q: What distinguishes a homozygous individual from a heterozygous individual?

A

A: Homozygous has two identical alleles; heterozygous has two different alleles.

28
Q

Q: How does the Human Genome Project aid in understanding genetic disorders?

A

A: It provides a complete map of human genes for easier identification.

29
Q

Q: What are the advantages and limitations of genetic screening?

A

A: Advantages: early detection of disorders, informed choices. Limitations: potential discrimination, ethical concerns.

30
Q

Q: Why can’t gametes be used for stem cell treatments?

A

A: They are specialized and only give rise to sperm or ova.

31
Q

Q: What is a Punnett square used for?

A

A: To predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross.

32
Q

dominant gene

A

observable

33
Q

recessive gene

A

not observable

34
Q

4 nitrogenous bases:

A

Adenine, thymine, cytomine, guomine

35
Q

RNA base

A

Uricil

36
Q

Mitosis:

A

Ends with two identical cells, 46 chromosomes

37
Q

Meiosis:

A

Ends with 4 cells that are different, 23 chromosomes

38
Q

Mutations

A

Deletion/substitution

39
Q
A

science yr 10 (1) (5 decks)

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