1. Aging process - Intro Flashcards
- why does the world population continue to grow older? (2)
- how many people/% population are over 65 yo? in 2015 vs 2050
- as fertility rates decrease in most world regions + people tend to live longer (bc improvement in med, lifestyle, care system)
- 2015: 8.5% or 562 M
- 2050: 16.7% or 1.6B (mostly in Europe, then China, Russia, NA, Brazil, Oceania. Africa has the least)
life expectancy at birth 2015 vs 2050
- world
- africa
- asia
- europe
- latin America & Caribbean
- NA
- Oceania
- world: 68.6 –> 76.2
- africa: 59.2 –> 71.0 (the lowest! but with highest growth)
- asia: 71.0 –> 78.5
- europe: 77.3 –> 82.1
- latin America & Caribbean: 74.5 –> 80.3
- North America: 79.9 –> 84.1 (highest in the world!)
- Oceania: 76.7 –> 80.7
define aging (general definition)
- from which 2 latin words does it come from?
- ___________ relationship btw increasing age and dependent living. why?
progressive decline in physical and mental function that leads to loss of function, increased susceptibility to disease and ultimately death
- aetas (age or lifetime) = condition of becoming old
- senex (senescence or old man) = aging of the body
U-trend! infant = super dependent on parent –> as you grow older = independent –> elderly = dependent on care-giver or assisted living
what are the 2 fields of study that study aging?
- geriatrics: Greek “geron” (old man) and “iatros” (healer) –> medical subspecialty dealing with problems of diseases and the elderly –> more medical
- gerontology: Green geron (old man) and logos (knowledge) –> mutidisciplinary study of aging and problems of older age –> sociological standpoint, full spectrum
define biological aging (or _________)
- vs chronological aging
- vs functional aging
- vs pathological aging
BIOLOGICAL (senescence):
- group of processes within body that eventually lead to loss of adaptability, disease, physical and mental impairment, functional limitations, disability and eventual death (very similar to general def)
CHRONOLOGICAL:
- passage of time from birth in years
- someone’s true age –> NOT necessarily best predictor of health and successful aging
- relevant for epidemiology
FUNCTIONAL:
- changes in one’s functional fitness in comparison to others of same age and gender
- ie physically elite (masters athlete), physically fit (moderate physical work), physically independent (very light physical work, can perform most ADLs), physically frail (light housekeeping, cannot perform some ADL), physically dependent (cannot perform some or all basic ADL)
ADL = activities of daily living
PATHOLOGICAL:
- way individuals age when they are genetically predisposed to a certain disease or have high-risk lifestyles or environmental influences
- often referred to as secondary aging
what are metabolic consequences that happen from biological aging? 11 systems!
- CV system: reduction of CV capacity due to structural changes in heart and blood vessels
- Body composition: shifts toward fat accumulation
- respiratory system: reduction in O2 delivery due to lower elasticity of lung tissue and thickening of alveolar walls
- skeletal muscle: loss in function as muscle size, strength and function decline
- skeletal system: decrease bone density + increase in arthritic joints
- nervous system
- digestive, urinary, endocrine, immune, integumentary systems!
compare normal/primary aging with secondary/__________ aging
NORMAL/PRIMARY
- physical, functional and cognitive changes associated with aging are normal –> UNTIL they surpass the “typical expected change” (ie disease or morbidity
PATHOLOGICAL/SECONDARY:
- way individuals age when they are genetically predisposed to a certain disease or have high-risk lifestyles or environmental influences
- PA/exercise, nutrition, occupational or environmental hazards play an important role in risk for and incidence of disease
chronic conditions and causes of death are determined by (2 general categories)
- what are the 2 most important risk factors for disease incidence with aging?
DEFINE:
- incidence
- prevalence
- mortality
- genetic and environmental aspects
- physical inactivity and poor diet
*goal: try to decreases all 3!
INCIDENCE: - new cases of condition in a certain time
- ie faucet
PREVALENCE - number of persons having the condition at a fixed time
- ie water in tub
MORTALITY - number of occurrences of death due to a condition in a certain time
- ie water leaking out of tub
according to WHO’ leading risk factors for mortality in the world are (5)
- high blood pressure
- tobacco use
- high blood glucose
- physical inactivity
- overweight and obesity
8 main causes of death? + 2 extra?
+ describe schéma as age increases
- heart disease
- COVID-19
- cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
- chronic respiratory disease (COPD)
- lower respiratory infections
- trachea, bronchus, lung cancer
- Alzheimer’s disease/dementia
- diabetes
+ accidents (falls, trauma)
*AGING! dying of old age = organ failure –> very rare that it’s the primary cause of death
- as age increases, more and more chronic disease (diabetes, cancer, CV…) vs young = acute injuries
difference btw
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
EXERCISE
SPORT
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
- any bodily movement that results in energy expenditure
EXERCISE
- PA that is planned, structured and purposive to improve one or more components of fitness, health and well-being
SPORT
- PA and exercise with set rules and a competitive aspect
what are the main 6 benefits of PA and exercise in older adults? + sub
- CARDIOVASCULAR: decrease tC, BP, risk of CV events
- MUSCULOSKELETAL: improves BMD, muscle mass, power & strength + decrease risk of osteoporosis and fractures + reduces pain and stiffness
- METABOLIC: increases insulin sensitivity + decreases glucose levels and enhances glucose control
- PSYCHOLOGICAL: improves QoL, mental health, mood + reduces stress, anxiety, depression
- NEUROCOGNITIVE: improves CNS processing speed and rxn time + prevent decline in fine and gross motor performance
- PHYSICAL FUNCTION: increases independence in ADLs, walking speed/distance, stair climbing, balance + decreases risk of falls
what is inversely associated with long-term mortality? studied in >120 000 patients
cardiovascular fitness! = modifiable indicator of long-term mortality!
overview of systematic reviews: conclusion for Resistance training VS balance and functional training
RESISTANCE TRAINING
- effects on health-related QoL or cognitive function were less certain
- adverse events were not consistently monitored or reported in RT studies (need more research) but serious adverse events were not common
- overall RT training improved health outcomes in adults and the benefits outweighed the harms
BALANCE AND FUNCTIONAL TRAINING
- balance and functional training and taichi reduced rate of falls and number of ppl who fell + improved aspects of physical functioning and PA for adults over 65 years old
successful aging:
- WHO definition
- often refers to what?
- successful agers are ….
- process of developing and maintaining functional ability that enables well-being in older age
- often refers to longevity or survival
- are people with better than avg physiological and psychosocial characteristics in late life and healthy genes; typically more satisfied with life in general
