1: Adjectives of Position Used in Embryology Flashcards
study of prenatal development of organisms
embryology
branch of embryology that deals with the causes and results of abnormal development or congenital malformation
teratology
abnormality during prenatal development due to hereditary and/or environmental factors (e.g., drugs and pathogens):
congenital malformation (congenital defect)
2 types of congenital defects and their differences
anomaly - involves an organ or a portion of an organ
- e.g., Ebstein’s anomaly (abnormal valve in the heart that can cause mixing of oxygenated and non-oxygenated blood)
monstrosity- involves several organs leading to great distortion
- layers or sheets of cells from which all tissues and organs in the merging fetus are formed (epithelium or mesenchyme)
germ layer
3 germ layers
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
- tissue composed of a single/several layer/s of cells resting on a basal lamina or basement membrane
- pseudostratified lining on the respiratory tract
epithelium
- group of loosely and irregularly arranged embryonic cells with a large volume of extracellular matrix
- embryonal cells at the start of development
mesenchyme
tissue that connects and support the body
connective tissue
back of the embryo
dorsal
meaning of DWFCT
dense, white, fibrous, connective tissue
belly of the embryo
ventral
head of the embryo
cephalic
extreme anterior portion of the head of the embryo (nose area)
rostral
upper part of the embryo
cranial
tail or lower part of the embryo
caudal
side of the embryo parallel to the vertebral column
lateral
middle part of the embryo along the vertebral column
medial/mesial
longitudinal section
sagittal
transverse
cross section
2 types of organs
tubular organs - hallow center / lumens e.g., digestive and respiratory organs
solid - liver, kidneys
mucosa is made up of ____ cells resting on connective tissues
tunica muscularis - made of _________
epithelial,
smooth msucles
3 characteristics common to all vertebrate embryo
- all develop from a fertilized ovum in sequential manner
- they have similar structure
- common stage of development
before mitosis/meiosis:
DNA is replicate resulting to genetically identical chromatids are connected to each other by centromere
5 stages of mitotic division
- interphase
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
three phases of interphase
G1 (gap 1 or preduplication phase) - cellular components are duplicated
S phase (synthesis phase) - duplication of chromosomes
G2 (gap 2 or postduplication phase)- double checking of duplicated chromosomes
- disappearance of nuclear membrane and nucleolus
- condensation of chromatin in the nucleoplasm into chromosomes
prophase stage
- appearance of spindle fibers
- alignment of paired homologous chromosomes in the equatorial area
metaphase stage
separation of sister chromatids as they migrate to opposite poles
anaphase stage
narrow separation area, chromatids halfway between equatorial plane and the opposite poles
early anaphase
chromatids already on the opposite poles of the cell
late anaphase
cleavage furrow, visible spindle fibers
early telophase stage
- two daughter cells, each smaller than an interphase cell
- with nucleus, dispersed chromatids, no spindle fibers
late telophase stage
