1: Adjectives of Position Used in Embryology

Question 1

study of prenatal development of organisms

Answer 1

embryology

Question 2

branch of embryology that deals with the causes and results of abnormal development or congenital malformation

Answer 2

teratology

Question 3

abnormality during prenatal development due to hereditary and/or environmental factors (e.g., drugs and pathogens):

Answer 3

congenital malformation (congenital defect)

Question 4

2 types of congenital defects and their differences

Answer 4

anomaly - involves an organ or a portion of an organ
- e.g., Ebstein’s anomaly (abnormal valve in the heart that can cause mixing of oxygenated and non-oxygenated blood)

monstrosity- involves several organs leading to great distortion

Question 5

• layers or sheets of cells from which all tissues and organs in the merging fetus are formed (epithelium or mesenchyme)

Answer 5

germ layer

Question 6

3 germ layers

Answer 6

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 7

• tissue composed of a single/several layer/s of cells resting on a basal lamina or basement membrane
• pseudostratified lining on the respiratory tract

Answer 7

epithelium

Question 8

• group of loosely and irregularly arranged embryonic cells with a large volume of extracellular matrix
• embryonal cells at the start of development

Answer 8

mesenchyme

Question 9

tissue that connects and support the body

Answer 9

connective tissue

Question 10

back of the embryo

Answer 10

dorsal

Question 11

meaning of DWFCT

Answer 11

dense, white, fibrous, connective tissue

Question 12

belly of the embryo

Answer 12

ventral

Question 13

head of the embryo

Answer 13

cephalic

Question 14

extreme anterior portion of the head of the embryo (nose area)

Answer 14

rostral

Question 15

upper part of the embryo

Answer 15

cranial

Question 16

tail or lower part of the embryo

Answer 16

caudal

Question 17

side of the embryo parallel to the vertebral column

Answer 17

lateral

Question 18

middle part of the embryo along the vertebral column

Answer 18

medial/mesial

Question 19

longitudinal section

Answer 19

sagittal

Question 20

transverse

Answer 20

cross section

Question 21

2 types of organs

Answer 21

tubular organs - hallow center / lumens e.g., digestive and respiratory organs

solid - liver, kidneys

Question 22

mucosa is made up of ____ cells resting on connective tissues

tunica muscularis - made of _________

Answer 22

epithelial,

smooth msucles

Question 23

3 characteristics common to all vertebrate embryo

Answer 23

• all develop from a fertilized ovum in sequential manner
• they have similar structure
• common stage of development

Question 24

before mitosis/meiosis:

Answer 24

DNA is replicate resulting to genetically identical chromatids are connected to each other by centromere

Question 25

5 stages of mitotic division

Answer 25

• interphase
• prophase
• metaphase
• anaphase
• telophase

Question 26

three phases of interphase

Answer 26

G1 (gap 1 or preduplication phase) - cellular components are duplicated
S phase (synthesis phase) - duplication of chromosomes
G2 (gap 2 or postduplication phase)- double checking of duplicated chromosomes

Question 27

• disappearance of nuclear membrane and nucleolus
• condensation of chromatin in the nucleoplasm into chromosomes

Answer 27

prophase stage

Question 28

• appearance of spindle fibers
• alignment of paired homologous chromosomes in the equatorial area

Answer 28

metaphase stage

Question 29

separation of sister chromatids as they migrate to opposite poles

Answer 29

anaphase stage

Question 30

narrow separation area, chromatids halfway between equatorial plane and the opposite poles

Answer 30

early anaphase

Question 31

chromatids already on the opposite poles of the cell

Answer 31

late anaphase

Question 32

cleavage furrow, visible spindle fibers

Answer 32

early telophase stage

Question 33

• two daughter cells, each smaller than an interphase cell
• with nucleus, dispersed chromatids, no spindle fibers

Answer 33

late telophase stage