1 Flashcards
11
What’s the goal in the scientific method?
Test an explanation for a problem in a way thats falsifiable and replicable
Define hyppthesis
Proposed explanation to be tested
Define independent variable
Variable manipulated in expirement to test impact
Dependent variable
Variable responding to manipulated elements
Controlled variable
Variable that could affect results but is kept constant throughout expirement to avoid confounding results
Control
A reference to compare results if manipulation against
What’s a gram?
Measurement of mass (g)
What’s a meter?
Length (m)
Define stock solution
Concentrated solution, often for convenience of storage
Define working solution
Solution used in lab, usually concentrated less than stock solution and near concentration needed for expirement
What’s the dilution calculation
(Concentration 1)×(volume 1)=(concentration 2)×(volume 2)
Define molar solution
Solution with 1 mole(6.02×10^23) of a chemical per 1L of solution
What’s the goal of sterilization
To kill all microbes
Examples of sterilization
Boiling or autoclaving
Define autoclaving
Sterilization using steam under high temp and high pressure
- produces higher temp by boiling
- ex. 100c steam under 15 lbs of pressure results in temp rising to 121 C
When shouldn’t u autoclave?
When extreme heat conditions break down or denatured components of solution you’re sterilizing
What’s an alternative to autoclave?
Ultrafine filtration
- .22 um for viruses and bacteria
- .45um for just bacteria
Pipettes for non precision necessary procedures
Transfer or pasteure pipette
Pipette for precision necessary
serological (A, volumes > 1mL) or micropipette (volumes < 1mL)
Pump types
bulb, wheel, electronic, but NEVER MOUTH
temperature
average kinetic energy (energy of motion) of molecules making up a substance (Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin)
minimum temp of all molecules
0K (-273C, -459.4F)
why is the plasma membrane the most important component of the cell?
most essential component of cell because it encases and protects the complex chemistry of life inside cell
phospholipid
phospholipids are “hybrid molecules” comprised of a polar head (glycerol) and two nonpolar tails (fatty acids)
phospholipid bilayer
a two layer structure of phospholipids, where the polar heads make up the outside layers and the hydrophobic tails make up the interior
what is the membrane made out of?
made up of hydrophobic tails only certain molecules are able to pass freely though plasma membrane
selective permeability
only certain molecules are able to pass freely through the plasma membrane
concentration gradient
difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another (naturally flows H to L)
diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
equilibrium
balanced concentration
osmosis
the net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
tonicity
term used to describe the solute concentration in the fluid surrounding a cell
isotonic
when the concentration is the same inside and outside the cell
hypertonic
higher concentration outside the cell
hypotonic
higher concentration inside the cell
passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane from high to low concentration without the use of energy by the cell (carrier and channel proteins)
active transport
transport of molecules against the concentration gradient (low to high). Requires energy, often in the form of ATP
transport proteins
proteins that transport
channel proteins and carrier proteins…
are passive transport proteins
facilitated diffusion
still high to low, no energy
passive transportation
charge ions usually need help
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
endocystosis
part of cell moves inside cell with part of cell wall
exocystosis
opposite, moves out with part of cell
what are nucleotides made out of?
are composed of a base, sugar, and phosphate.
double helix
the way the bases connect creates a twist in the DNA
Histones
family of basic proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus and help condense it into chromatin
chromatin
is the larger structure of DNA and proteins, the units of which can be considered nucleosomes
gene
is a sequence of DNA that at least partially determines a characteristic.
allele
one of a number of different forms of a gene
genotype
is an individual’s genetic makeup, or their specific set of alleles
phenotype
physical expression of a gene including things invisible like susceptibility to diseases.
dominant allele
When having at least one copy of an allele is enough to express a trait
recessive allele
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present (it takes two to show)
pedigree
maps the family history of a certain trait
karyotyping
is the visualization of an individual’s chromosomes often for diagnostic purposes. Cells are halted during cell division and chromosomes are stained. In spectral karyotyping (SKY), chromosome-specific, multi-color fluorescent probes stain each chromosome pair a different color.
centromere
is the area of a chromosome where replicated chromosomes are attached to each other during cell division and to which cell division mechanisms are attached to separate and segregate the replicated chromosomes into different newly- made cells. Positioning of the centromere can help identify the type of chromosome along with banding patterns.
autosomal chromosomes
do not code for a person’s sexual characteristics. For the most part, these chromosome pairs contain two copies of the same gene (one from each of
two parents).
sex chromosomes
X and Y chromosomes.
sex and gender more complicated their a ___ instead of ___
spectrum rather than binary
translocation
unusual placement of exchange of chromosome region
