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Question 1

What’s the goal in the scientific method?

Answer 1

Test an explanation for a problem in a way thats falsifiable and replicable

Question 2

Define hyppthesis

Answer 2

Proposed explanation to be tested

Question 3

Define independent variable

Answer 3

Variable manipulated in expirement to test impact

Question 4

Dependent variable

Answer 4

Variable responding to manipulated elements

Question 5

Controlled variable

Answer 5

Variable that could affect results but is kept constant throughout expirement to avoid confounding results

Question 6

Control

Answer 6

A reference to compare results if manipulation against

Question 7

What’s a gram?

Answer 7

Measurement of mass (g)

Question 8

What’s a meter?

Answer 8

Length (m)

Question 9

Define stock solution

Answer 9

Concentrated solution, often for convenience of storage

Question 10

Define working solution

Answer 10

Solution used in lab, usually concentrated less than stock solution and near concentration needed for expirement

Question 11

What’s the dilution calculation

Answer 11

(Concentration 1)×(volume 1)=(concentration 2)×(volume 2)

Question 12

Define molar solution

Answer 12

Solution with 1 mole(6.02×10^23) of a chemical per 1L of solution

Question 13

What’s the goal of sterilization

Answer 13

To kill all microbes

Question 14

Examples of sterilization

Answer 14

Boiling or autoclaving

Question 15

Define autoclaving

Answer 15

Sterilization using steam under high temp and high pressure

• produces higher temp by boiling
• ex. 100c steam under 15 lbs of pressure results in temp rising to 121 C

Question 16

When shouldn’t u autoclave?

Answer 16

When extreme heat conditions break down or denatured components of solution you’re sterilizing

Question 17

What’s an alternative to autoclave?

Answer 17

Ultrafine filtration

• .22 um for viruses and bacteria
• .45um for just bacteria

Question 18

Pipettes for non precision necessary procedures

Answer 18

Transfer or pasteure pipette

Question 19

Pipette for precision necessary

Answer 19

serological (A, volumes > 1mL) or micropipette (volumes < 1mL)

Question 20

Pump types

Answer 20

bulb, wheel, electronic, but NEVER MOUTH

Question 21

temperature

Answer 21

average kinetic energy (energy of motion) of molecules making up a substance (Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin)

Question 22

minimum temp of all molecules

Answer 22

0K (-273C, -459.4F)

Question 23

why is the plasma membrane the most important component of the cell?

Answer 23

most essential component of cell because it encases and protects the complex chemistry of life inside cell

Question 24

phospholipid

Answer 24

phospholipids are “hybrid molecules” comprised of a polar head (glycerol) and two nonpolar tails (fatty acids)

Question 25

phospholipid bilayer

Answer 25

a two layer structure of phospholipids, where the polar heads make up the outside layers and the hydrophobic tails make up the interior

Question 26

what is the membrane made out of?

Answer 26

made up of hydrophobic tails only certain molecules are able to pass freely though plasma membrane

Question 27

selective permeability

Answer 27

only certain molecules are able to pass freely through the plasma membrane

Question 28

concentration gradient

Answer 28

difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another (naturally flows H to L)

Question 29

diffusion

Answer 29

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Question 30

equilibrium

Answer 30

balanced concentration

Question 31

osmosis

Answer 31

the net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Question 32

tonicity

Answer 32

term used to describe the solute concentration in the fluid surrounding a cell

Question 33

isotonic

Answer 33

when the concentration is the same inside and outside the cell

Question 34

hypertonic

Answer 34

higher concentration outside the cell

Question 35

hypotonic

Answer 35

higher concentration inside the cell

Question 36

passive transport

Answer 36

the movement of substances across a cell membrane from high to low concentration without the use of energy by the cell (carrier and channel proteins)

Question 37

active transport

Answer 37

transport of molecules against the concentration gradient (low to high). Requires energy, often in the form of ATP

Question 38

transport proteins

Answer 38

proteins that transport

Question 39

channel proteins and carrier proteins…

Answer 39

are passive transport proteins

Question 40

facilitated diffusion

Answer 40

still high to low, no energy

Question 41

passive transportation

Answer 41

charge ions usually need help

Question 42

ATP

Answer 42

adenosine triphosphate

Question 43

endocystosis

Answer 43

part of cell moves inside cell with part of cell wall

Question 44

exocystosis

Answer 44

opposite, moves out with part of cell

Question 45

what are nucleotides made out of?

Answer 45

are composed of a base, sugar, and phosphate.

Question 46

double helix

Answer 46

the way the bases connect creates a twist in the DNA

Question 47

Histones

Answer 47

family of basic proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus and help condense it into chromatin

Question 48

chromatin

Answer 48

is the larger structure of DNA and proteins, the units of which can be considered nucleosomes

Question 49

gene

Answer 49

is a sequence of DNA that at least partially determines a characteristic.

Question 50

allele

Answer 50

one of a number of different forms of a gene

Question 51

genotype

Answer 51

is an individual’s genetic makeup, or their specific set of alleles

Question 52

phenotype

Answer 52

physical expression of a gene including things invisible like susceptibility to diseases.

Question 53

dominant allele

Answer 53

When having at least one copy of an allele is enough to express a trait

Question 54

recessive allele

Answer 54

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present (it takes two to show)

Question 55

pedigree

Answer 55

maps the family history of a certain trait

Question 56

karyotyping

Answer 56

is the visualization of an individual’s chromosomes often for diagnostic purposes. Cells are halted during cell division and chromosomes are stained. In spectral karyotyping (SKY), chromosome-specific, multi-color fluorescent probes stain each chromosome pair a different color.

Question 57

centromere

Answer 57

is the area of a chromosome where replicated chromosomes are attached to each other during cell division and to which cell division mechanisms are attached to separate and segregate the replicated chromosomes into different newly- made cells. Positioning of the centromere can help identify the type of chromosome along with banding patterns.

Question 58

autosomal chromosomes

Answer 58

do not code for a person’s sexual characteristics. For the most part, these chromosome pairs contain two copies of the same gene (one from each of
two parents).

Question 59

sex chromosomes

Answer 59

X and Y chromosomes.

Question 60

sex and gender more complicated their a ___ instead of ___

Answer 60

spectrum rather than binary

Question 61

translocation

Answer 61

unusual placement of exchange of chromosome region