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Ophthalmology Final > 1. > Flashcards

1. Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal eye p?

A

15 - 25 Hgmm.

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2
Q

Schirmer time in a normal dog test.

A

1 min.

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3
Q

Which sp has multi- line eyelash?

A

Dog.

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4
Q

Which is the most important examining technique?

A

Flourescein staining +Opthalmoscope.

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5
Q

In which sp is glaucoma a frequent hereditary disease?

A

Dog.

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6
Q

What does symblepharon mean?

A
  • Adhesion of conjunctiva on itself/ on the cornea.

- Typically found in young cats with viral conjunctivitis (FHV).

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7
Q

In which sp is cataract inheritible?

A

Dogs.

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8
Q

What doesn’t have a role in the amt of aq humour?

A

Light reflection of tapetum + non- tapetal fundus.

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9
Q

What can be a reason for lens surgery?

A

Ant lens luxation, Cataract.

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10
Q

Co blue light?

A

Provides a suitable means of exciting Na fluorescein ( orange dye) for examination of ocular surface integrity.

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11
Q

What doesn’t cause glaucoma?

A

Post lens luxation.

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12
Q

What you do ø do before taking sample for bacteriology?

A

Do local anesthesia.

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13
Q

How to treat cataract?

A

Surgery is the only way.

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14
Q

When can you see a “ cresecent moon”?

A

At lens subluxation.

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15
Q

Symptoms of Horner’s syndrome?

A
  • 3rd eyelid prolaps.
  • Myosis, Enophtalmos.
  • Narrowing of palpebral fissure.
  • Peripheral vasodilatation may occur causing increased facial warmth, best observed in ipsilat ear.
  • Golden retriever- idiopathic.
  • Other causes- trauma, otitis, tumour.
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16
Q

What is true for sub- conjunctival inj in Eq?

A
  • Local supf anest.
  • Full anest.
  • Max 3 ml.
    ??
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17
Q

What grows together when there is post synechia?

A

The iris adheres to lens.

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18
Q

What are the consequences of chronic inflammation in Eq?

A
  • Chronic uveitis.
  • Corneal endothelial degeneration/ dystrophy.
    > corneal vascularization/ precipitates.
  • Lens luxation, subluxation.
    > vitreal opacities.
    > focal chorioretinitis, retinal detachment.
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19
Q

Definition of glaucoma:

A

Disturbance in the drainage of aq, which can elevate IOP.

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20
Q

How to examine the retina detachment in the most precise way?

A

By monocular indirect ophthalmoscope–> greater field of view.

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21
Q

What is true for direct ophthalmoscope?

A

Monocular.

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22
Q

Sus has ø light reflecting layer/ tapetum

A

T.

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23
Q

How descemetocele is stained by fluorescence?

A

Fluorescence adheres only to the walls of ulcer, the central floor of the ulcer appears black.

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24
Q

What is phacoemulsification?

A

A modern cataract surgery in which the eye’s int lens is emulsified with an ultrasonic handpiece + aspirated from the eye.

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25
Q

What doesn’t get damaged in glaucoma/ ø in this way.

A

Destroy all intraocular structures: cornea, lens, sclera, ant uvea, vitreous, retina ONH.

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26
Q

Statements of sub- palpebral drains.

A

Continuous eye drops in horse, tarsorrhaphy.

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27
Q

Jone’s test?

A

Fluorescein staining for corneal integrity and it appears at the nares within 1- 10 minutes in ipsilateral nose.

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28
Q

Components of uvea?

A

Iris, corpus cilliare + choroid.

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29
Q

Purkinje’s images?

A

On the lens/opacity on the lens.

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30
Q

Connection of retina?

A

At 2 sites: behind the ciliary body- parts plana, + near optic n head.

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31
Q

What do ciliary bodies do?

A

Produce aq fluid.

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32
Q

Normal p in the ant chamber?

A

15 - 25 mmHg.

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33
Q

Which n blocks do you use for the subpalpebral drainage?

A

Auricopalpebral + frontal n block.

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34
Q

Why do you perform a subpalpebral drainage?

A

Continuous eye drops in Eq.

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35
Q

How long can the drain stay?

A

3 - 4 wks.

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36
Q

Nasolacrimal drainage used?

A

Only when you can’t use subpalpebral?

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37
Q

Why do you use a 3rd eyelid flap?

A

For protection + healing, only small animals?

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38
Q

How long can the 3rd eyelid flap stay on?

A

2 wks?

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39
Q

What is a tarsorraphy?

A

Suturing eyelids together.

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40
Q

What is the lat canthotomy?

A

Cutting the lat canthus.

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41
Q

When is lat canthotomy used?

A

Porobtosis, ocular trauma + release of IOP?

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42
Q

Contraindication of lat canthotomy?

A

Globe rupture?

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43
Q

Stay sutures of globe?

A

Into sclera, ø penetrating–> gives support for surgery, 3+ 9 o’clock?

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44
Q

Neuromuscular blockers used?

A

Atracurium/ Pancuronium 0.2 mg/kg- paralyse breath for 30 mins?

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45
Q

Human ophthalmological sutures?

A

10/0 + 11/0 non absorbable atraumatic nylon?

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46
Q

Veterinary ophthalmologic sutures?

A

6 - 8/0 monofilamentous/ polyfilamentous ABs, atraumatic?

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47
Q

Cannula for inj of fluid?

A

30G?

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48
Q

Extraoccular tampon?

A

Cotton?

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49
Q

Intraocular tampon?

A

Cellulose?

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50
Q

Viscoelastic material?

A

Methycellulose injected into the ant chamber to replace the aq humor.

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51
Q

What is the fundus?

A

Visible background of the eye seen through dilated pupil.

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52
Q

How to dilate the pupil?

A
  • 1 dp of tropicamide, wait for 20 mins.

- It should last for 4 - 6 hrs.

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53
Q

When do you ø perform this examination? IOP

A

Glaucoma/ lens luxation?

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54
Q

Direct ophthalmoscope?

A

Lens + light together is the best- slit lamp.

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55
Q

Diopter for fundus?

A

Tapetal fundus.

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56
Q

Role of tape fundus?

A

Reflective tissue ( ø pigments), amplify light ( ø in Sus + humans).

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57
Q

What is ø true about tapetum?

A

Located between the chorioid + retina vent on the globe.

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58
Q

Which sp have tapetum fibrosum?

A

Herbivores.

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59
Q

Which sp have tapetum cellulosum?

A

Car.

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60
Q

Who has stars of Winslow in the fundus?

A

Eq.

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61
Q

What is the Progressive Retinal Atrophy Syndrome ( PRA)?

A
  • Pigmented change in the tapetal fundus with attenuation of vasculature + atrophy of the optic dic + V.
  • Prone in middle aged labradors.
  • The retina absorbs less light + therefore there is more light being reflected.
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62
Q

What is seen in PRA?

A

Very reflective tapetum, atrophy of v + pale optic n. head.

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63
Q

What is seen in the collie eye anomaly ( CEA)/ Retinal dysplasia ( RD)?

A

?

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64
Q

How is the CEA seen on an ophthalmoscope?

A

Folds seen are epsilon- like stripes.

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65
Q

Reasons for retinal haemorrhage?

A

Cat with hypertension, ethylene glycol toxicosis + Erlichiosis.

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66
Q

Retinal detachment?

A

Separation of inner layer of retina from the choroid plexus- holes in the retina.

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67
Q

Solution?

A

pH 3.5- 10.5, should be sterile, pH + temp stabile.

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68
Q

Suspension?

A

Drug is included in small particles, the tear dissolves the particles, it has long contact time, absorption in form of solution: prolonged contact time.

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69
Q

Ointment?

A

pH + temp is ø important, oil/ H2O base, disadvantages: inhibit corneal wound healing.

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70
Q

Absorption after topical administration?

A

Mostly washed out, absorption by the conjunctival capillaries/ penetration to the cornea- lipid best.

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71
Q

Subconjunctival inj?

A

Corticosteroids mostly, max 1 ml in the dors palpebra.

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72
Q

Retrobulbar inj?

A

Lower lat quadrant into the retrobulbar space, anesthetic for eye removal in cow, Ab in small animal.

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73
Q

Intravitreal inj?

A
  • At lat canthus, quadrant, with 2- 3 mm from limbus, the needle is inserted intoo the vitreous.
  • Gentamycin inj in glaucoma.
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74
Q

Systemic inj?

A

Only if inflammed, Ab/ hyperosmotics are the most common.

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75
Q

Mydriasis?

A

Sympathetic innervation m. dilator pupillae, glandula lacrimalis.

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76
Q

Miosis?

A

Parasympathetic innervation- M. Sphincter pupilla, M. Ciliaris + glandular lacrimalis.

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77
Q

What is ø a topical treatment?

A

Subconjunctival/ installation.

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78
Q

When doing bacterial sampling?

A

Take sample before anaesthesia.

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79
Q

What do you do immediately with a Eq that has pink eyes?

A

Fluorescin test.

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80
Q

Which is false for 3rd eyelid?

A

Well muscled in large + small animals, covered both sides by conjunctiva, position supported by the globe?

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81
Q

What is mydriasis?

A

Pupil dilation.

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82
Q

What effect do Parasympatholytics have on eye?

A
  • They inhibit the pupil sphincter m + ciliary m. function.

- Mydriasis with cycleopegia.

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83
Q

What are solutions?

A

ø easily infected.

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84
Q

Fluorescein stain?

A

Hydrophilic + stains exposed stroma.

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85
Q

The tear test?

A

Is done without anaesthesia?

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86
Q

What do you ø use for melting ulcers?

A

Supf keratectomy/ pedicle Graft transplantation/ Free island transplantation?

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87
Q

What do you do with descemetocele?

A

It requires surgical intervention.

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88
Q

What is Ankyloblepharon?

A

Inability to close the lids/ lid margins partial/ total closure.

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89
Q

How to treat blepharospasm in Eq?

A

Frontal n. block/ auriculopalpebral n. block/ tropicamide solution.

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90
Q

What are the indications for vitrectomy in a Eq?

A

Recurrent uveitis?

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91
Q

Effectiveness of Atropine to keep the pupil dilated gives us information about?

A

The severity of uveitis.

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92
Q

When are glucucorticoids contraindicated?

A

If fluorescin stains the cornea.

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93
Q

What is blepharitis?

A

Inflammation of eyelids.

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94
Q

What are the glds of eyelid?

A

Zeis, Mill, Meibomian/ Tarsal.

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95
Q

What is Chemosis?

A

Oedematic swelling of the conjunctiva.

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96
Q

What are the borders of the eye chamber?

A

Iris, pupil + cornea.

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97
Q

What is the dazzle reflex?

A

Subcortical reflex.

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98
Q

Which animals have cilia on the lower eyelid?

A

None?

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99
Q

The shape of pupil in herbivores?

A

Horizontal elliptical.

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100
Q

What is false about ointments?

A

Can be used intraocularly.

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101
Q

Johnes test?

A

The appearance of something at the nostril?

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102
Q

Most important drain.outflow in Eq?

A

Uveo- scleral route?

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103
Q

What is ectropion?

A
  • Eversion, turning of eyelid, always the lower eyelid is affected.
  • Etiology: developmental/ structual, acquired/ cicatrical, intermittent.
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104
Q

What is ø a CS of acute uveitis?

A

Mydriasis.

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105
Q

Rose Bengal:

A
  • ( Hydrophilic red stain).

- Stains the degenrated, necrotic cells + the mucus in brillant red.

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106
Q

Which one is false when examining the fundus?

A

Examiner needs to sit.

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107
Q

Adjustments needed for direct + indirect opthalmoscope?

A

Direct: form - 3 to + 20?

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108
Q

There is a strong connection between the post lens + ant surface of vitrous body in animals?

A

True.

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109
Q

Cataract surgery, which one has the post lens capsule intact?

A

ECE- Extracapsular lens extraction.

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110
Q

Is Phaco ICE/ ECE?

A

ECE.

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111
Q

ERU in Eq, what can it lead to?

A

In influx of inflammatory cells into the eye + hypersensitivity of the uvea.

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112
Q

About aq humor + what does ø have an effect on it’s production?

A

..

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113
Q

Entropion is never?

A

Intermittent.

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114
Q

When is it appropriate to take bacterial sample?

A

Before topical anaesthesia.

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115
Q

3rd eyelid is well developed in SA?

A

ø true?

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116
Q

What do parasympatholytics do?

A

They block function of M. sphincter pupillae + M. ciliaris causing mydriasis with cyclopegia.

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117
Q

Which route is ø topical treatment?

A

Subconjunctival, retrobulbar, intravitreal inj.

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118
Q

Fluorescent dye?

A

Hydrophilic, stains exposed stroma green.

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119
Q

How do you perform Schirmer’s tear test?

A

Fold strip at the mark + place in the lower conjunctival sac for 1 mn.

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120
Q

Which drugs ø to use in cases of KCS?

A

Hyaluronic acid.

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121
Q

Chemosis?

A
  • Swelling/ oedema of the conjunctiva.

- Sign of conjunctivitis.

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122
Q

Cherry eye syndrome.

A
  • Defect, laxity in the retinaculum that binds the gl + the nicitans to the periorbita–> protrusion of 3rd eyelid gl.
  • In dog, breed and age predisposition.
  • Surgical treatment, replacement of prolapsed gl.
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123
Q

Entropion + Ectropion.

A
  • Entropion = inward of the eyelid margin.

- Ectropion= eversion, turning out of the eyelid.

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124
Q

Solutions, Suspensions + Ointments.

A
  • All used topically.
  • Solution:
    > pH 3.5 - 10.5.
    > pH + temp –> determine stability.
    > should be sterile.
  • Suspension:
    > Drug is included in small paticles.
    > Tear dissolves the particles -> absorption in the form of solution, prolonged contact time.
  • Ointment:
    > Oil/ H2O based.
    > pH + temp is ø as important in the stability.
    > Inhibit the corneal wound healing.
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125
Q

Topical treatment.

A

By using solutions, suspensions, + ointments.

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126
Q

Trichiasis.

A
  • Cilia arising from normally located follicles, are pointed in abnormal direction.
  • Ectopia ciliae: Additional ciliae originating from abnormally located follicles.
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127
Q

Extirpation vs Evisceration.

A
  • Extirpation: Complete excision/ surgical destruction of a body part.
  • Evisceration: The removal of the eye’s contents, leaving the scleral shell + extraocular m intact.
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128
Q

Jone’s test.

A
  • To see if the lacrimal duct is obstructed/ ø.
  • Method: Put Fluorescein in the conjunctiva + wait a few mins.
  • +ve: Dye is detected in the nostril of the same side of the eye in question –> lacrimal gl is working fine + is ø obstructed.
  • -ve: Dyes is ø detected in the nostril of the same side fo the eye in question –> a partial/ complete obstruction/ failure of the lacrimal gl.
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129
Q

Abnormalities regarding the hair??

A
  • The eyelids can have deformities which can cause hair to be in const contact with the cornea, causing irritation + excessive lacrimation + may lead to corneal vascularization + corneal ulceration.
  • Deformities:
    > Prominent nasal fold in brachycephalic breeds.
    > Disorders of the ciliae.
    • Distichiasis.
    • Trichiasis.
    • Ectopia ciliae.
    > Entropion.
    > Ectropion.
    > Hordeolum.
    > Blepharitis.
    > Traumas.
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130
Q

Dazzle reflex.

A

Type of reflex blink where the eyelids involuntarily blink in response to a sudden bright light.

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131
Q

Properties of Atropine.

A
  • Mydriactic–> dilates pupil.
    > Min adhesions( synechiae).
    > May ø be able to break down synechiae in chronic cases.
    > Keep the pupil dilated gives us information about how severe an uveitis case is –> the longer the pupil is dilated, the milder the uveitis case.
    > Eyes with a brown iris stay dilated longer than eyes with a blue iris.
  • Cycloplegic –> relaxes the ciliary m.
    > Relieve ciliary m pain.
    > Pain relief.
  • Stabilises blood aq barrier.
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132
Q

Contraindications of corticosteroids.

A

Corneal ulcers –> make sure eye is fluorescein -ve.

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133
Q

ø eyelashes on lower lid.

A

Abscence of ciliae in lower eyelid is physiological in cat, Eq, cow.

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134
Q

Shape of pupil.

A
  • Eq, cow, Sus –> horizontal elliptical.
  • Dog –> rounded.
    Cat –> perpendicular rhomboid.
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135
Q

Draining tracts of the Eq eye??

A

Eye has the iridocorneal angle for the drainage of the aq humour.

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136
Q

What is used to decrease blepharospasm in eq?

A

Merck: Auriculopalpebral n block.

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137
Q

What is done 1st to diagnose Descemetocele?

A

Fluorescein stain.

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138
Q

What is ankyloblepharon?

A

Fusion of part/ all of the eyelid margins.

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139
Q

What is the main indication for pars plana virectomy in Eq?

A

Eq recurrent uveitis.

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140
Q

Detected painful red eye in Eq: What do you do 1st?

A

Stain with fluorescein.

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141
Q

What is ø a topical treatment?

A

Subconjunctival inj.

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142
Q

When do we do bacterial sampling?

A

Before topical anaesthesia.

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143
Q

The 3rd eyelid: which is false?

A

It is well muscled both in large + small animals.

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144
Q

What is mydriasis?

A

Pupil dilation.

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145
Q

What effect do Parasympatheticolytics have on the eye?

A

They block the function of the M. splinter pupillae + M. ciliaris–> mydriasis with cyclopegia.

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146
Q

What are solutions?

A

ø easily infected?

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147
Q

Fluorescein stain?

A

Is hydrophilic + stains exposed stroma.

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148
Q

The tear test.

A

Is done without anesthesia.

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149
Q

What do you ø use for melting ulcers?

A

Supf keratectomy.

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150
Q

Jone’s test:

A

Fluorescence stain appear at nares after 1- 10 mins.

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151
Q

Components of uvea:

A
  • Vascular layer.
    a. Ant uvea- Iris + cilia.
    b. Post uvea- Choroid.
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152
Q

Connection of retina:

A

Pars plana- joins the retina- Ora ciliaris retinae.

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153
Q

What does the ciliary body do?

A

Produces aq humour, accomodation, lens zonules.

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154
Q

Normal p in ant chamber:

A

12 - 22 mmHg.

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155
Q

What n blocks for sub- palpebral drainage?

A

Auriculopalpebral n block + Supra- orbital n block.

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156
Q

Why sub- palpebral drainage?

A

Eq sub- palpebral lavage- continuous eyedrops in Eq.

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157
Q

How long can drain stay?

A

SPL system can remain in place for 2 - 6 wks/ more, if it is ø damaged + kept clean.

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158
Q

Nasal lacrimal drainage:

A

Only when cannot use sub- palpebral?

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159
Q

Why 3rd eyelid flap?

A
  • Protection + healing, only in SA.
  • SA- Indolent supf corneal ulcer, deep corneal ulcer- 3rd eyelid flap as a supportive technique, post- op management.
  • IBo keratoconjunctivitis ‘ pink eye’- Tarsorrhaphy +/ or 3rd eyelid flap in severe cases.
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160
Q

How long can 3rd eyelid flap stay?

A

2 wks?

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161
Q

What is tarsorrhaphy?

A

Suturing eyelids together.

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162
Q

What is lat canthotomy?

A

Multi- purpose general intervention in eye surgery- release increased orbital p.

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163
Q

Contraindication of lat canthotomy:

A

Globe rupture.

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164
Q

Stay suture of globe:

A

Into sclera, ø penetrating - support for surgery, 3 + 9 o’clock?

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165
Q

Neuro- muscular blockers used:

A

Atracurium + Pancoronium.

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166
Q

Human opthalmology sutures

A

10/0, 11/0, non- absorbable, atraumatic nylon.

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167
Q

Vet opthalmology sutures:

A

6 -8/0 mono- filamentous/ polyfilamentous, absorbable, atraumatic.

168
Q

Cannula for inj of air:

A

27 G.

169
Q

Cannula for inj of fluid:

A

30 G.

170
Q

Extra- ocular tampon:

A

Cotton.

171
Q

Intra- ocular tampon:

A

Cellulose?

172
Q

Visco- elastic material:

A

Methyl- cellulose inj into ant chamber to replace aq humour.

173
Q

What is the fundus?

A
  • Every structure which can be seen on the ocular background.
  • Visible background of eye, seen through dilated pupil.
174
Q

How to dilate pupil:

A
  • Mydriasis= Dilation of pupil.

- 1 drp of Tropicamide, wait for 20 mins, last for 4 - 6 hr.

175
Q

When ø to dilate:

A

Glaucoma/ Lens luxation?

176
Q

Direct ophthalmoscope:

A
  • Mono- ocular- Lens system with changeable diopter- Changeable illumination light- High mag X15, small field of view- Erected picture.
  • Lens + light together.
177
Q

Diopter for fundus:

A
  • 1-3?
178
Q

Dors 1/2 of fundus:

A

Tapetal.

179
Q

Role of tapetal fundus:

A

Reflective tissue, amplify light, ø in Sus nor humans.

180
Q

Who have tapetum fibrosum?

A

Cows, sheep, goats, Eq.

181
Q

Who have tapetum cellulosum?

A

Car, rodents, cetecea.

182
Q

Who has stars of Winslow in the fundus?

A

Eq.

183
Q

What is Progressive retinal atrophy syndrome ( PRA)?

A

Pigmented change in tapetal fundus w attenuation of vasculature + atrophy of optic disc, middle aged labrador.

184
Q

What is seen in PRA?

A

Disorder of fundus, very reflective tapetum, atrophy of v, pale optic n head.

185
Q

What is collie ey anomaly ( CEA)/ retinal dysplasia ( RD)?

A

Scleral actasia= Sclera protrude into eye around optic n head.

186
Q

How is CEA seen with ophthalmoscope?

A

Folds seen as epsilon- like stripes.

187
Q

Reason for retinal hemorrhages:

A

Tumor, conjunctivitis, traumatic injury, uveitis with infective systemic disease.

188
Q

Retinal detachment:

A
  • Separation of inner layer of retina from choroid- Holes in retina.
  • Due to tumors, uveitis.
189
Q

Solution:

A

pH 3.5 - 10.5, sterile, pH + temp = determine the stability.

190
Q

Suspension:

A

Drug in small particle–> Tears dissolve the particles–> Absorption in the form of solution: Prolonged contact time.

191
Q

Ointment:

A
  • Oil/ H2O- based, pH + temp are ø so important in the stability.
  • Disadvantage: Inhibits corneal wound heal.
192
Q

Absorption of topical administration:

A
  • Drops, ointment, sub- palpebral + naso- lacrimal methods.
  • After administration, either washed out by tears/ absorption by the conjunctival capillaries/ penetration into the cornea.
  • Lipid soluble drugs–> Easy, trans- cellular absorption.
  • H2O soluble drugs–> Poor, inter- cellular absorption.
193
Q

Sub- conjunctival inj:

A
  • Cornea- conjunctiva barrier is bypassed.
  • High drug conc in the ant segment.
  • After topical anesthesia, fine needle used.
  • Mild hemorrhage.
  • Mydriasis, Abs, corticosteroids.
  • Max 1ml in dors palpebral.
194
Q

Retrobulbar inj:

A
  • High drug conc in the orbit + the post segment.
  • SA –> general anesthetics–> Ab.
  • Cow –> local anesthetics for extirpation.
  • Needle is inserted at the lower- lat quadrant into the retro- bulbar space.
    > IOP may increase afer administration.
195
Q

Intra- vitreal inj:

A
  • At lat canthus, with 2- 3 mm from limbus the needle is inserted into the vitreous.
  • Ab under general anesthesia.
  • Gentamycin in glaucoma.
196
Q

Systemic inj:

A

Only if inflammation, ab/ hyper- osmotics.

197
Q

Mydriasis- Sympathetic innervation:

A

M. dilator pupillae, glandula lacrimalis.

198
Q

Tropicamide:

A
  • Mydriatic, poor analgesic.
  • Fast acting, effective mydriatic, poor cycloplegic.
  • Ideal for induction of diagnostic mydriasis.
  • ø side effects.
199
Q

Miosis- Parasympathetic innervation:

A

M. sphincter pupilla, M. ciliaris, glandula lacrimalis.

200
Q

Pilocarpine:

A

Miosis, help decrease IOP.

201
Q

What is the job of uvea?

A

Prevent leakage of protein to the eye, vascular part of bulbus.

202
Q

What is the job of iris?

A
  • Separates the ant + post chambers.

- Regulates

203
Q

What is the job of corpus ciliare?

A

Produce aq humour + accomodation.

204
Q

What is corpora nigra?

A

Aid in control of bright light entering hrough constricted pupil, only herbivores.

205
Q

What part of ciliary body joins retina?

A

Pars plana- joins the retina- Ora ciliaris retiane.

206
Q

How many layers in choroid?

A

Histologically has 4 layers.

207
Q

Which spp does choroid supply entire retina?

A

Eq.

208
Q

Where is tapetum lucidum?

A

At the dors fundus btw retina + choroid.

209
Q

Most common tumor in uvea:

A
  • Melanoma esp in grey Eq.
210
Q

What is corectopia?

A

Abnormal location of pupil.

211
Q

Ant uveitis:

A
  • Changes of aq humor- Hyphemia.
  • Kerati precipitates KPs.
  • Iridocyclitis –> inflammation of iris + ciliary body.
212
Q

Post uveitis:

A

Choroiditis –> inflammation of chorois, retina often affected as well.

213
Q

Most common reason for uveitis in SA:

A

Idiopathic + autoimmune.

214
Q

Signs of acute uveitis:

A

Decreased IOP, miosis, aq flare, inflammatory deposits, corneal oedema.

215
Q

Ant synechia:

A

Iris adhere to cornea.

216
Q

Post synechia:

A

Iris adhere to lens.

217
Q

IOP in chronic uveitis:

A

Up/ down ( eye atrophy)?

218
Q

Eq corneal ulcer pathogens:

A

Strep, Staph, P aerugnosa, fungi, aspergillosis, fusarium?

219
Q

CS of melting ulcer:

A

Severe pain, purulent discharge, diffuse corneal oedema, greyish- white gelatin- like material at the base + edge of ulcer, hypopyon, 2º uveitis.

220
Q

Surgery for Eq corneal ulcer:

A

Pedicle conjunctival graft transposition, direct suturing of the cornea.

221
Q

Corneal stromal abscess with fluorescein:

A

-ve?

222
Q

Surgery for stromal abscess:

A

Cornea transplant surgery- Keratoplasty.

223
Q

Long term consequence of Eq uveitis:

A

Cataract, lens luxation, blindness.

224
Q

Cause of Eq uveitis:

A

Idiopathic, auto- immune, with infective systemic disease, with non- infectice systemic disease, trauma, reflex uveitis, toxic, lens induced, uveo- dermatological, ERU.

225
Q

Conseauence of Eq uveitis:

A

Proteins, fibrocytes in aq humor + vitreous body?

226
Q

CS of acute Eq uveitis:

A

Aq flare, inflammatory deposits, miosis, decreased IOP.

227
Q

CS of chronic Eq uveitis:

A

Corneal endothelial degeneration/ dystrophy, lens luxation/ sub- luxation.

228
Q

Surgery for Eq uveitis:

A

Pars plana vitrectomy in the comfortable period?

229
Q

Treatment for Eq uveitis:

A

Topical anti- inflammatory, mydriatics + cycloplegics, topical anti- inflammatory.

230
Q

Glaucoma:

A

Pathological cond with increased IOP, resulting in destruction of ocular structures function.

231
Q

How does aq drain?

A

Shlemm’s canal in iridocorneal angle + oveoscleral route.

232
Q

Reason for glaucoma:

A

Decreased angle of pectinate lig, / defect in draining - Rare in cat.

233
Q

What is gonioscopy?

A

Special lens _ optical instrument to examine ant chamber _ determine ocular motility + rotation.

234
Q

What does increased IOP do?

A

Destroy all ocular structures.

235
Q

What is goniodysgenesis?

A

Abnormal development of the iridocorneal angle- familial in cocker spaniel + basset hound.

236
Q

Hereditary open angle glaucoma:

A

Beagle + poodle, sec obstructed angle- uveitis?

237
Q

2º closed glaucoma:

A

Pupillary block, w/ pupillary block?

238
Q

CS of acute glaucoma:

A

IOP ? 25 mmHg, ø PLR.

239
Q

CS of chronic glaucoma:

A

IOP increased/ normal, vascularization, pigmentation, Descemet’s streaks, vision disturbance, iris + disc atrophy, bupthalmus.

240
Q

Therapy of glaucoma:

A
  • Medical- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, ß- blocker, hyper- osmotics, prostaglandins.
  • Surgical- Intra- ocular surgery, cyclo- destructive methods.
241
Q

Intraocular surgery for glaucoma:

A

Cyclodialysis, intra- capsular lens extraction ICE of luxated lens, corneoscleral trepanation, drainage implant.

242
Q

What does cyclo- destructive surgery mean:

A

Decrease aq production.

243
Q

How to do cyclophotocoagulation?

A

Trans- scleral laser cyclophotocoagulation- Iris- oculight diode laser equipment- Decreases aq production.

244
Q

What is TSCP?

A

Trans- Scleral cyclophotocoagulation at 35 sites, 3 mm behind limbus.

245
Q

What is the pt of intra- ocular surgery?

A

Improve drainage of the aq.

246
Q

Regeneration of ant ep of lens?

A

Limited regeneration.

247
Q

Function of ant epi?

A
  • Produces the lens cells.

- Actively transports nutritives from the aq

248
Q

What is hordeolum?

A
  • Externum –> Purulent inflammation of a lash follicle + Associated gl of Zeis.
  • Int –> Purulent inflammation of a tarsal gl.
  • Stap aureus.
249
Q

What is chalazion?

A

Cyst of tarsal gl.

250
Q

What is ectropion?

A

Eversion of eyelid, always loxer lid is affected.

251
Q

What breed is ectropion normal?

A

May have genetic basic, breed related –> St Bernard, Spaniel, Bloodhound, Mastiff.

252
Q

Acquired/ Cicatrical ectropion:

A
  • Trauma to the lids + healing without treatment –> formation of cicatrix –> Fibrosis + contraction of the tissues –> Ectropion.
  • Fibrosis _ contraction may be associated to periocular surgery + chronic inflammatory proc –> Ectropion.
  • Eq.
253
Q

What is intermittent ectropion?

A
  • In larger hunting breeds of dog.

- Lids are normal in the morning, ectopion occurs in the night.

254
Q

Treatment of intermittent ectopion?

A

Nothing, surgery contraindicated.

255
Q

Surgery of ectropion:

A
  • Surgery is indicated –> IF there are 2º signs/ if desired by owner.
  • Remove triangle in lat part of eyelid, modified Kuhnt- Szymanowski method.
256
Q

What to evaluate in traumatic eyelid injury?

A

Cond of globe + lacrimal punctae.

257
Q

What is blepharitis?

A

Inflammatory cond of eyelids.

258
Q

Site of immune- mediated disease- ex pemphigus?

A

Mucocutaneus junction?

259
Q

Layers of conjunctiva?

A
  • 3 layers.

- PTF, ep, substantia propria.

260
Q

Ciliary v when injected?

A

Dark red, brush like, short + straight, v at the limbus affected, topical adrenalin has ø effect.

261
Q

Conjunctival v when injected?

A

Bright red, branch- like + tortuous, v in the fornix affected, v are mobile with the conjunctiva, adrenaline has good effect.

262
Q

What is conjunctival dermoid?

A

Skin tissue in conjunctiva- ectopy.

263
Q

Why conjunctival cyst?

A

Obstruction of duct of the conjunctical gl, ectopic glandularly tissue.

264
Q

What is symblepharon?

A

Adhesions of any portion of the conjunctiva to itself/ to the cornea.

265
Q

Why symblepharon?

A

Young cats with viral conjunctivits- FeHV.

266
Q

Ab for conjunctivitis?

A

Neomycin + gentamycin.

267
Q

Conjunctival tumor in cattle?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma, hemangioma, hemangiosarcoma.

268
Q

Conjunctival tumor in dogs?

A

Papilloma.

269
Q

What is chemosis?

A

Swelling of conjunctiva.

270
Q

What determines position of 3rd eyelid?

A

Partially determined by sympathetics tone.

271
Q

What is the T- shaped cartilage?

A

Cartilaginous skeleton at base of 3rd eyelid gl.

272
Q

What does gl of 3rd eyelid do?

A

Seromucoid; prod of 30 - 50% of PTF + in dog 1/3 of tear prod.

273
Q

What is Harders’ gl + who has it?

A

Deep portion of 3rd eyelid gl in Sus + rodent.

274
Q

Tear prod?

A

Gl of 3rd eyelid, tear gl, accessory tear gl.

275
Q

What is cherry eye syndrome?

A

Protrusion of 3rd eyelid gl, mostly dogs.

276
Q

Treat of cherry eye?

A

Surgery.

277
Q

Protrusion of T- shaped cartilage?

A

Eq + dog, developmental abnormality, rare in LA, ø 2º inflammation, ø discharge/ hyperemia.

278
Q

What is Horner’s syndrome?

A

Sympathetic denervation causing prolapse of 3rd eyelid, enophtalmus, ptosis, myosis, in dog + cat + Eq/.

279
Q

What is consequence of myositis eosinophilica?

A

3rd eyelid prolapse + eno-/ exophtalmus.

280
Q

What does tetanus cause?

A

Bilat eversion of 3rd eyelid.

281
Q

Layers of cornea?

A
  • PRF.
  • Ep.
  • Stroma.
  • Descement membrane.
  • endothelium.
282
Q

Which part of cornea has elastic collagen fibres?

A

Descement membrane.

283
Q

How are the collagen fibres arranged?

A

Parallel layers.

284
Q

Where do fluid accumulate in case of corneal oedema?

A

Stroma.

285
Q

Reason for corneal oedema?

A

Glaucoma, inflammation, endothelium dystrophy.

286
Q

Where does vascularization come from?

A

Deep, supf / mixed- conjunctiva.

287
Q

What is ø a topical treatment?

A

Subconjunctival inj/ instillation.

288
Q

When doing bact sampling?

A

Take sample before topical anesthesia/ after anesthesia.

289
Q

What do you do immediately w/ Eq w/ pink eyes?

A

Fluorescens test.

290
Q

For the 3rd eyelid, which is false?

A

Well muscled in large + small animals.

291
Q

Mydriasis?

A

Pupil dialtion.

292
Q

What effect do parasympatheticolytics have on the eye?

A

They block function of M. sphincter pupillae + M. ciliaris –> mydriasis with cyclopegia.

293
Q

What are solution?

A

ø easily inf?

294
Q

Fluorescent stain?

A

Hydrophilic + stains exposed stroma/ hydrophobic + stains stroma.

295
Q

ø use for melting ulcers?

A

Supf keratectomy.

296
Q

What do you do with descemetocele?

A

Require surgical intervention, special staining by fluorescein, medical treat contraindicated.

297
Q

How to treat blepharospasm in Eq?

A

Auriculopalpebral n block.

298
Q

What are indication for vitrectomy in Eq?

A

Recurrent uveitis.

299
Q

Use of atropine?

A

Analgesia in ciliary body, mydriatic/

300
Q

When is glucocorticoids contraindicated?

A

If fluoresceine stains the cornea?

301
Q

What are the gl of the eyelid?

A

Tarsal gl?

302
Q

What is chemosis?

A

Oedematic swelling of conjunctiva.

303
Q

What are the borders of the ant eye- chamber?

A

Iris, pupil + cornea.

304
Q

What is dazzle reflex?

A

Subcortical reflex.

305
Q

Which animal has cilia on lower eyelid?

A

Dog.

306
Q

Shape of pupil?

A
  • Herbivore + Sus: horizontal, elliptical.
  • dog: rounded.
  • Cat: perpendicular rhomboid.
307
Q

What is false about ointment?

A

Intraocular use.

308
Q

Most important outflow/ drain of aq in Eq?

A

Uveo- scleral route.

309
Q

What is ectropion?

A

Eversion + outward turning of eyelid w/ imperfect of eyelid.

310
Q

What is ø CS of acute uveitis?

A

Mydriasis.

311
Q

Extirpation/ evisceration?

A
  • Extirpation: removal of globe transconjunctival.
312
Q

Trichiasis?

A

Cilia arise from normal located follicles, pointed in abnormal direction.

313
Q

How to diagnose descemetocele?

A

Bottom of ulcer is formed by protruded Descement membrane, blackish + shining, mucopurulent discharge, pain, special staining by fluorescein + 2º uveitis.

314
Q

Which equipment do you need for microsurgery?

A

Hand- held microsurgery instruments, magnifier, operation microscope.

315
Q

What can ø entropion be?

A

Intermittent.

316
Q

What is ø typical?

A

Subconjunctival inj.

317
Q

What is ø microsurgery?

A

Eyelids.

318
Q

What belongs to microsurgery?

A

Lacrimal punctas, corneal- conjunctiva, intraocular interventions.

319
Q

Preparation + isolation for general eye surgery?

A

Trimming/ shaving with betadine soap, disinfection of fornix + lid marginds with betadine 1: 10, disinfect lids + periocular areas with cc betadine, isolation textiles.

320
Q

Which is ø a general intervention in eye surgery?

A

Tarsorrapy, 3rd eyelid flap, approach 3rd eyelid, med canthotomy, stay sutures in globe.

321
Q

Hypopyon:

A

Pus in ant chamber.

322
Q

Hyphema:

A

Blood in ant chamber.

323
Q

What is mydriasis?

A

Pupil dilation.

324
Q

What are solutions?

A
  • Should be sterile.
  • pH 3.5 - 10.5.
  • pH + temp determine stability.
325
Q

Fluorescein stain.

A

Hydrophilic + stains exposed stroma bright green.

326
Q

What is Ankyloblepharon?

A

Lid margins partially/ totally closed.

327
Q

What’s the job of the uvea?

A
  • Prevent leakage of proteins to the eye.

- Vascular part of the bulbus.

328
Q

What is the job of iris?

A

Regulate amt of light.

329
Q

What is corpora nigra?

A

Aif in control of light entering through constricted pupil - only in herbivores.

330
Q

What part of ciliary body joins the retina?

A

Pars plana.

331
Q

How many layers in choroid?

A

4.

332
Q

Which sp does choroid supply entire retina?

A

Eq.

333
Q

Most common tumour in uvea?

A

Melanoma in the iris.

334
Q

What is corectopia?

A

Abnormal location of pupil.

335
Q

Ant uveitis?

A

Iritis, cyclitis.

336
Q

Post uveitis.

A

Choroiditis.

337
Q

Most common reason for uveitis in SA?

A

Idiopathic + autoimmune.

338
Q

Signs of acute uveitis?

A

Decreased IOP, miosis, cornea oedema.

339
Q

Ant synechia?

A

Iris adhere to lens.

340
Q

Post synechia?

A

Iris adhere to lens.

341
Q

IOP in chronic uveitis.

A

Decerased.

342
Q

Eq corneal ulcer pathogens.

A
  • Strep, Staph, P aeruginosa.

- Fungi: aspergillus, Fusarium.

343
Q

CS of melting ulcer?

A

Pain, Ant uveitis, corneal oedema, Hydropyon.

344
Q

Surgery for Eq corneal ulcer?

A

Grid keratectomy, debridement keratomy, pedicle conj flap.

345
Q

Corneal stromal abscess with fluorescein?

A

-ve.

346
Q

Surgery for stromal abscee?

A

Cornea transplant- Keratoplasty.

347
Q

Long term consequence of Eq uveitis?

A

Cataract, lens luxation, blindness.

348
Q

Cause of Eq uveitis?

A

Leptospira, Borrelia, Riboflavin def, hereditary, autoimmune.

349
Q

Consequences of Eq uveitis?

A

Proteins, fibrocytes in aq humor + vitreous body.

350
Q

CS of acute Eq uveitis?

A

Enophtalmus epuphora, ciliary inj in cornea, hypopyon, opacity.

351
Q

CS of chronic EQ uveitis?

A

Permanet corneal opacity, cataract, 2– glaucoma, choroiditis, bulbi atrophy= end stage.

352
Q

Surgery for Eq uveitis?

A

Pars plan vitrectomy in the comfortable period.

353
Q

Treatment for Eq uveitis?

A

Local cortiscosteroids, atropine, cyclosporin, topical + systemic NSAID.

354
Q

Glaucoma ?

A

Pathological cond with increased IOP.

355
Q

How does aq drain?

A

Schlemm’s canal in iridocorneal angle + uveoscleral route.

356
Q

Reason for glaucoma?

A

Decreased angle of pectinate lig/ defect draining.

357
Q

What is goniodysgenesis?

A

Abnormal development of the iridocorneal angle- familial in C. spaniel, Basset hound.

358
Q

Hereditary open angle glaucoma?

A
  • Beagle + poodle.

- 2º- obstruction of angle uveitis.

359
Q

2º closed glaucoma?

A

Can be with/ without pupillary block.

360
Q

CS of acute glaucoma?

A

IOP> 25 mmHg, opacity, mydriasis, ø PLR.

361
Q

CS of chronic glaucoma.

A

May be normal IOP, vascualrzation, pigmentation, descmet’s streaks in cornea, iris + optic disc atrophy, buphtalmos, blindness.

362
Q

Therapy for glaucoma?

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, ß- blocker, myotics, hyperosmotics, PG.

363
Q

Intraocular surgery for glaucoma?

A

Cyclodialysis, intracapsular lens extraction.

364
Q

What does cyclodestructive surgery mean?

A

Decrease aq production.

365
Q

How to do cyclophotocoagulation?

A

Transscleral laser cyclophotocoagulation- destroy ciliary p.

366
Q

What is TSCP?

A

Transcleral laser cyclophotocoagulation at 35 sites, 3 mm behind limbus.

367
Q

What’s the pt of intraocular surgery?

A

Improve drainage.

368
Q

Regeneration of ant ep of lens?

A

Limited.

369
Q

Function of ant ep?

A

Transport glucose from aq, produce lens cells.

370
Q

What is hordeolum?

A

Inflammation of sebaceous gl of eyelids, Microabscesses.

371
Q

What is hordeolum externum?

A

Purulent inflammation of lash follicle + zeis gl.

372
Q

What is hordeolum int?

A

Purulent inflammation of lash follicle + meibomian ( tarsal ) gl.

373
Q

Site of immune mediated diseases?

A

Mucocutaneous junction.

374
Q

Lab test for blepharitis?

A

Cotton swab, skin scraping, biopsy.

375
Q

What is important when applying clotrimazole _ amitraz?

A

ø corneal drug contact.

376
Q

Most common eyelid tumours?

A

Adenoma, sarcoma melanoma, papilloma.

377
Q

How much of eyelid can be removed?

A

1/4 of it with V- shaped incision.

378
Q

What is conjunctiva?

A

Well vascularized MM.

379
Q

Which gl produce PTF?

A

Lacrimal gl of 3rd eyelid, tarsal gl, globlet cells in conjunctiva.

380
Q

Ciliary v?

A

Dark red, v at limbus, adrenaline has ø effect.

381
Q

Conjunctival v?

A

Bright red, v in fornix, adrenaline has good effect.

382
Q

What is conjunctival dermoid?

A

Skin tissue in conjunctiva, inherited in Herefords.

383
Q

Why conjunctival cyst?

A

Obstruction of duct of conjunctival gl, ectopic glandular tissue.

384
Q

What is symblepharon?

A

Adhesions of conjunctiva on itself/ on the cornea.

385
Q

Why symblepharon?

A

Young cats with viral conjunctivitis- FEHV.

386
Q

Ab for conjunctivitis?

A

Neomycin + gentamycin.

387
Q

Conjunctival tumours in cattle?

A

SCC, hemangioma/ sarcoma.

388
Q

Conjunctical tumours in dogs?

A

Papilloma virus, SCC.

389
Q

What is chemosis?

A

Swelling of conjunctiva.

390
Q

What determines position of 3rd eyelid?

A

Sympathetic tone.

391
Q

What is the T- shaped cartilage?

A

Cartilaginous skeleton at base of 3rd eyelid gl.

392
Q

Treatment of cherry eye syndrome?

A

Replace gl with Morgan’s technique, don’t cut off —-> KCS.

393
Q

Protrusion of T- shaped cartilage?

A

Eq + dog, developmental problem, rare in LA; ø 2º inflammation, ø discharge/ hyperaemia.

394
Q

What is Horner’s syndrome?

A

Sympathetic denervation causing prolapse of 3rd eyelid, enopthalmus, ptosis, miosis in dog, cat + Eq.

395
Q

What is consequence of myositis eosinophilica?

A

3rd eyelid prolapse + eno/ exophtalmus.

396
Q

What does tetany cause?

A

Bilat eversion of 3rd eyelid.

397
Q

Layers of cornea?

A

PTF, Ep,stroma, descemet’s membrane, endothelium.

398
Q

Which part of cornea has elastic collagen fibres?

A

Descemet’s membrane.

399
Q

How are collagen fibres arranged?

A

Parallel layers.

400
Q

Where do fluid accumulate in case of corneal oedema?

A

In the stroma.

401
Q

Reasons for corneal odema?

A

Glaucoma, inflammation, endothelial dystrophy.

402
Q

Where does vasculatisation come from?

A

Deep- ciliary, supf conjunctiva.

403
Q

What is ø a topical treatment?

A

Subconjunctival/ retrobulbar/ intravitreal inj/ systemic.

404
Q

When to do bacterial sample?

A

Before topical anaesthesia.

405
Q

Parasympatholytic effect on eye:

A

Mydriasis with Cyclopegia.

406
Q

Solutions:

A

pH 3 - 10/ buffer/ pH + temp determines stability/ should be sterile.

407
Q

Fluorescin:

A

Hydrophilic, stains the stroma won’t stain the descements memebrane/ ep cells as they are hydrophopic.

408
Q

Grid keratotomy:

A

Only in non- melting ulcers.

409
Q

What to do with descemetocele:

A

Emergency intervention, eliminate the cause, ø medical therapy- surgery- free island graft in SA, pedicle graft LA + direct suture the cornea.

410
Q

Indication for vitrectomy in Eq

A

ERU?

411
Q

Atropin

A

ø a diagnostic mydriatic, but for therapy.

412
Q

When are glucocorticoids/ corticosteroids contraindicated?

A

With corneal ulcer + +ve fluorescein test.

413
Q

Borders of ant chamber:Dazzle reflex:

A

is elicited by sudden stimulation of eye with an extremely bright/ shiny light.

414
Q

Most important drainage if aq in Eq:

A

Uveo- scleral.

415
Q

CS of acute uveitis:

A

miosis: swollen + injected iris, pain, photophobia, cornea oedema, dec IOP.

416
Q

CS of chronic uveitis:

A

Ant synechia- Iris adheres to cornea, Post synechia- iris adheres to the lens, Decrease IOP= eye atrophy, increase IOP= glaucoma.

Ophthalmology Final (2 decks)

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