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CR2 > 1 > Flashcards

1 Flashcards

1
Q

what nad where is pectinate muscle found

A

parallel ridges in the atria wall

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2
Q

what and where is crista temrinali found

A

vertical ridge of smooth myocardium in lateral aspect of right atrium of heart

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3
Q

what and where is the fossa ovali

A

int he right atrium adn in fetus it connects right and left atrium in that direction

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4
Q

what and where is the ligamentum arteriosum

A

small ligament attaching the pulmonary artery to the aorta

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5
Q

what is the morula

A

16 IDENTICAL cells stage of cell division

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6
Q

what dose the morula differntiate into

A

blastocsyt for implantatin

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7
Q

what are the three germ layers that form our tissues

A

endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

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8
Q

what does the endoderm differentiate into

A

gut and associated derived tissues (liver pancreas lungs)

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9
Q

what does the mesoderm differentiate into

A

bones, CT, sleltal msucle, urogenital system, cardiovascular system

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10
Q

what does the ectoderm differentiate into

A

skin CNS PNS eyes internal ear

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11
Q

what is gastrulation

A

the formation of the three germ layers after implantation

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12
Q

what is one of the earliest differentiating and functioning organ in a faetus

A

heart

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13
Q

what germ layer does the heart arise form

A

cardiogenic mesoderm (aggregation of mesoderm

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14
Q

what are blood islands

A

agrgegation of mesoderm

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15
Q

what forms the endocardial heart tubes

A

blood islands (hemangioblasts specifically)

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16
Q

how many endocardial heart tubes have we got

A

2

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17
Q

where in relation to the embryo are the endocardial heart tubes located

A

ventral pole

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18
Q

at what week of gestation are the endcardial heart tubes formed

A

by the middle of the third week

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19
Q

by what process fo the endocardial heart tubes fuse into the primitive heart tube

A

lateral folding

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20
Q

what do blood islands contain

A

hemangioblasts and myoblasts

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21
Q

at what week of gestation do the endocardial heart tube fuse

A

21 days

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22
Q

in what direction does blood flow thouhg the primitive heart tube

A

from venous side (down) to arterial side (up)

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23
Q

what does the truncus arteriosus become

A

proximal aorta and pulmonary artery

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24
Q

what does the bulbus cordis become

A

ventricular outlflow tracts and right ventricle

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25
Q

what does the primitive ventricle become

A

left ventricle

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26
Q

what does the primitive atria become

A

left and right atria

27
Q

what does the sinus venosus become

A

smooth part of right atrium and coronary sinus

28
Q

why does the heart fold instead of elongating

A

because limited by pericardium

29
Q

when does heart folding within the pericardium

A

between day 23 and 28

30
Q

in the folding process where do the ventricles and atria go

A

ventricles to the left

atria to the right

31
Q

pathology in which the heart is pointing to the right

A

dextrocardia

can be seen as part of situs inversus

32
Q

what structures are present in the heart on day 35

A 
truncus arteriosus
primitive atria
primitive ventricle
bulbus cordis
sinus venosus
33
Q

in day 35 what links the primitive atria and primitive ventricle

A

atrioventricular canal

34
Q

what are endocardial cushions

A

two swellings of mesenchymal tissue appearing from wall of atrioventricular canal entre primitive atria and primitive ventricle

35
Q

at what gestational day do endocardial cushions form

A

day 28

36
Q

names of the two endocardial cushions

A

superior and inferior endocrdial cushions

37
Q

explain how the septum primum fomrms

A

septum starts to grow from atria toward the endocardial cushion (septum primium )
as it continues to grow vers endocardial cushion you have a gap entre endocardial cushiona nd septum called the ostium primum. As septum growsm the OP gets smaller. ​

Before OP can close completely, a second hole develops called the OS. OP is olbiterated but the OS stays. ​

38
Q

what two structures make up the atrial setptum

A

septum primum adn septum secundum

39
Q

explain how the septum primum fomrms

A

SS grows superiorly to inferiorly and this septum doesn’t grow as a complete sheath byt as a screcent shape. It always keeps a whole within it. The whole is the foramen ovale. ​

So atrial septum is made up of the OP and OS​

And the setpum primum creates a valve for foramen ovale. FO is not a hole but a valve that allwos flow entre the R and left atria in that direction. ​

40
Q

pathway of oxygenated blood in fetal

A

Oxygenated blood travels from hand side of the heart to foramen ovale to left atria to rest of the body​

Lungs have fluid so no point to send blood there​

Oxygenated blood comes from placenta to umbilicus through umbilical vein then toward liver ​

No point sending all blood all around liver so blood bypasses liver trough a shunt (ductus venosus) to the inferior vena cava. ​

IVC takes blood up to right artium then goes to LA but a small portion of it goes to RV and from there out via pulmonary trunk ​

​

We odnt want too much blood going into th epulmonary areries twoard the lungs so you have naohter bypass called ductus arteriosus which allows blood to travel into descending aorta and travel around feuts; ​

​

Deoxblood is reutrned to placenta via umblilca arteries. ​

41
Q

why is foramen ovale open at birth and closes after

A

Before birth, foramen ovale is open+jhigh pressure in r atria (due to fluid in lungs) the valve stays open​

At birth, lungs inflate w air so left hand side of the ehart has higher pressure, so valve closes.

42
Q

what is probe patent foramen ovale

A

when Valve of foramen ovale may not completely seal off in 25 % of people
Defect usually small and is not clinically significant ebcause blood wont go from low pressure to high pressure environemnt anyway.

43
Q

atrial septal defect

A

you create a hole isntead of a valve and it cant close
ASD incidence 7:10,000 births​

2:1 prevalence in females versus males​

Septum primum and septum secundum defects

This large ASD with left-to-right shunt resulted in pulmonary hypertension and increased pulmonary arterial pressures that led to right-to-left shunt, resulting in right ventricle hypertrophy

44
Q

explain process of ventricular septum formation

A

Muscular componnent grows vers endocardial cusion​

Membraneous component grow the other way ​

45
Q

what two components form the ventricular septum

A

muscular component and membranous component

46
Q

when does the interventricular septum develop

A

end of 4th week

47
Q

ventricular septal defect

A

Many small VSD will close spontaneously (30-50%). ​

Isolated VSD are detected with an incidence of 10-12:10,000.

About 90% of VSD are in membranous septum and 10% in muscular septum.​

48
Q

most common type of cardiac defect

A

ventricular septal defect

25%

49
Q

other name for aorticopulmonary septum

A

spiral septum

50
Q

where frmo does the spiral septum form

A

from the truncus arteriosus

51
Q

formation of spiral setum

A

Truncoconal swellings form in the truncus arteriosus and grow towards each other in a spiral structure​

Therefore the aorta connects with the left ventricle and the pulmonary trunk with the right ventricle​
​

52
Q

when does spiral septum form

A

5th week​

53
Q

changes to ductus venosus form fetus to adult

A

fibroses to form ligamentum venosus​

54
Q

changes to foramen ovale form fetus to adult

A

closes because of increased pressure in LA (compared to RA) to form fossa ovalis

55
Q

changes to ductus arteriosus form fetus to adult

A

fibroses to form ligamentum arteriosum

56
Q

cyanotic heart lesions meaning

A

:bloos is shunted from right hand sie to left hand side of the heart​

Thers r to l shunting​

Deoxy blodo is taken around chld so child looks blue​

57
Q

acyanotic heart lesions meaning

A

a group of cardiac diseases with a Left-to-Right shunt or left heart abnormality which do not result in cyanosis (blue skin colour) of the baby.​

make up about one third of congenital heart disease

58
Q

example acyanotic heart lesions

A

ASD - Atrial Septal Defects​

VSD - Ventricular Septal Defects​

PDA - Patent Ductus Arteriosus​

Coarctation of the aorta

59
Q

patent ductus arteriosus

A

DA doesn’t fibrose so you have opening entre arch of aorta nd pulomonary trunk​

So blood goes from arch of aorta to ductus arteriosus to pulmonary trunk to the lungs

carries a risk of endocarditis

treatment is prostaglandin inhibitor like ibuprofen or surgical closue w clips in infants older than 3 months

60
Q

Coarctation of the aorta​

A

Defect where aorta is unusually narrowed. ​

This stenosis (narrowing) can be right before or after DA​

In preductal type the DA doesn’t clsoe because blood is pumped into arch of aorta and stuck​

high BP before point of coarctations

low blood pressure beyond point of coarctation

61
Q

Examples of Cyanotic congenital heart disease are​

A

Tetralogy of Fallot​

Persistent truncus arteriosus​

Transposition of the great vessels

62
Q

tetralogy of fallot

A

comprises 4 defectrs

Ventricular septal defect​

Overriding Aorta ​ aorta is positioned right over the top of the ventricular septal defect​

Pulmonary stenosis​

Right ventricular hypertrophy​

63
Q

Persistent Truncus Arteriosus​

A

Single artery (truncus) arises from the heart, supplying both aorta and pulmonary artery.​

​

A large VSD (ventricular septal defect) below the truncal valve allows mixing of right and left ventricular blood​

​

Degree of cyanosis is variable​

​

Presents with progressive heart failure​

​

​

64
Q

Transposition of the Great Vessels​

A

Conotruncal septum fails to follow spiral course (runs straight down)​

​

Usually accompanied by open ductus arteriosus​

​

Blue baby – immediate surgical intervention – catherterisation of fossa ovalis to increase mixing of pulmonary and systemic blood– buy time till infant can be operated on at later date​

CR2 (2 decks)

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