1 Flashcards
Article 1 of Declaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen de 1789
les hommes naissent et demeurent libres en égaux en droits
men are born and remain free and equal in rights
Article 4 of the Declaration des droits de l’hommes et du citoyen de 1789
la liberté consiste à pouvoir faire tout ce qui ne nuit pas à autrui
liberty exists in the freedom to do anything which injures no one else
Article 10 of the Declaration des droits de l’hommes et du citoyen de 1789
nul ne doit être inquieté pour ses opinions
no one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions
What is the Code de l’indigénat
- The empire of law that presided over french colonial states
- listed offences that by definition could only be commited by Natives (Saada)
What types of punishment were the indigénes subject to? (individual)
- contraint par corps fixé - binding of limbs (Gregory Mann)
- commandant de cercle - any caucasian male could carry out punishment on a variety of offencds including disrespecting France and could do anything from fine them to immediately execute them (Victor and Vine)
What types of collective punishment were there?
- planting a wrong strand of cotton or hoeing a field incorrectly could lead to collective punishments for all men in a village, most commonly binding (Gregory Mann)
What were some indigenes made to do to enable their governor to sleep?
slap the water at night to quieten the frogs so Rocca Serra could sleep (Gregory Mann)
What did the Code de l’indigénat essentially do?
allowed the colonial state to practice a form of government grounded in difference and coercion while maintaining the republican rhetoric of assimilation and eventual inclusion (Gregory Mann)
What are FMAs?
Following the second world war all Algerian muslims (Français Musulmans d’Algérie) living in either France or Algeria were given full french citizenship with an accepted special status of ethno-religious difference while simultaneously being republican.
However this has the potential for abuse as was seen in 1961 with curfews for FMA only
What is the goal of the French Republic?
As written in their respective books- Roederer ‘L’esprit de la Révolution de 1789’ and Tocqueville ‘L’ancien régime et la révolution’ the french revolution and the eventual creation of the republic had the goal of putting an end to privelege and creating a body of citizens all equal under the same law, not to free all persons and land (liberty) (Jeremy Jennings)
Liberty, Equality and Fraternity…?
- first used in speeches in 1790 by Robespierre
- 1793 Parisians wrote on their homes “unity, indivisibility of the republic; liberty, equality or death”
- became a principle of the republic in the 1848 constitution
- features also in 1946 and 1958 constitutions
What did Robert Gildea say about equality?
“Principles of equality were founding myths of the Republic, they were powerful, persuasive and purposely written to be difficult to question, disguised to and intented to continue to disguise radical inequalities”
What did De Gaulle say about women?
When asked about a ministry of womens affairs he is reported to have said “why not an undersecretaryship of state for knitting” (Robert Gildea)
Gender inequality from Robert Gildea
- 55% of those in higher education in 1992 were women
- women were allowed to vote after emancipation 1944
- more women than men passed the ‘agrégation’ in 1982 but only *% of those recruited by unsiversities for staff were women
- had to have 3 times the education as their male counterpaers in order to become senior managers
Citizen or National..? (Brett)
- “they were French by virtue that Algeria was French”
- 24th February 1862 an Algiers court confirmed that under international law, that a native conquered country, the citizens acquire the nationality of the conquering force, making all those brought within French bounds eg. Algeria as French as if they were born in France, in other words a French citizen
