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Zoo 102 > 1 > Flashcards

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1
Q

Structure of vertebrates

A

Descriptive morphology

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2
Q

Significance of the structure

A

Functional morphology

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3
Q

Structure - product of development of the individual

A

Ontogenesis

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4
Q

Structure - product of development of the species/group

A

Phylogenesis

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5
Q

Phylum chrodata

A

Urochordata
Cephalochordata
Craniata

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6
Q

With notochord in embryo at least

A

Chordata

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7
Q

With nuerocranium

A

Craniates

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8
Q

Derived characteristics of chordates

A 
Notochord
Pharyngeal pouches
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Post-anal tail
Endostyle
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9
Q

1st skeletal support

A

Notochord

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10
Q

Rod of living cells located below the CNS and dorsal to alimentary tract

A

Notochord

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11
Q

Notochord in fishes

A

Persists, constructed within centrum

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12
Q

Notochord in reptiles, birds, and mammals

A

Almost obliterated

Replaced by a vertebral column or backbone

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13
Q

Vestige in mammals, within intervertebral disc, and none in modern birds and reptiles

A

Pulpy nucleus

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14
Q

Diverticula of pharyngeal endoderm which grow towards surface abd form gill slits

A

Pharyngeal pouches

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15
Q

Pharyngeal pouches in fishes

A

Permanent (gills)

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16
Q

Pharyngeal pouches in amphibians

A

Temporary (in larvae only)

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17
Q

Pharyngeal pouches in reptiles, birds, mammals

A

Absent

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18
Q

Serves as skeletal support

A

Pharyngeal arches

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19
Q

Components of pharyngeal arches

A

Skeletal elements
Striated muscle
Cranial muscle
Aortic arches

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20
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Visceral skeleton

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21
Q

Straited muscle

A

Branchiomeric muscle

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22
Q

Cranial nerves

A

5th, 6th, 9th, 10th

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23
Q

Aortic arches

A

Connect dorsal and ventral aortas

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24
Q

Fates of pharyngeal arches

A 
Mandibular arch (1st)
Hyoid arch (2nd)
Branchial arch (3rd)
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25
Q

Lateral outpocketings of pharynx, matched on the extrior by paired grooves

A

Gill pouches

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26
Q

One or more pairs of gill pouches break through to exterior grooves
Serve as exit for water from mouth snd passed over the gills

A

Gill slits

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27
Q

From anterior to posterior

Enlarged as brain at anterior part

A

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

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28
Q

Extending behind anus

A

Post-anal tail

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29
Q

Midventral mucus-secreting groove in pharynx of protochordates
Homologue of craniate thyroid

A

Endostyle

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30
Q

Common vertebrte heritage

A

Vertebrates share a common ancestry and a common pattern of eary development

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31
Q
  1. Regional Differentiation
A

Head and Neck

Anterior trunk

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32
Q

Head and Neck

A

Cephalic - head
Cranial - contains the brain
Cervical - neck region
Facial - face

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33
Q

Anterior trunk

A 
Abdominal
Abdominopelvic
Inguinal
Pectoral
Pelvic
Sternal
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34
Q

Between the lower ribs and the pelvis

A

Abdominal

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35
Q

Abdominal and pelvic regions

A

Abdominopelvic

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36
Q

Groin; depressed regionsat the junction of the thighs to the anterior trunk

A

Inguinal

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37
Q

Chest region

A

Pectoral

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38
Q

Region enclosed by the pelvic bones

A

Pelvic

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39
Q

Region over the breatbone and between thebtwo pectoral regions

A

Sternal

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40
Q

Anatomical planes

A

Frontal plane
Saggital plane
Transverse plane

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41
Q

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portion

A

Frontal plane

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42
Q

Divides the body into left and right sides

A

Saggital plane

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43
Q

Diveds the body into upper or lower parts

A

Tranverse plane

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44
Q

Segmentation

A

Metamerism

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45
Q

Formed by cranial bones and contains brain and its coverings

A

Cranial

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46
Q

Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the begginings of spinal nerves

A

Vertebral

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47
Q

Satellite characteristics of vertebrates

A 
Integument
Digestive
Coelom
Respiratory
Circulatory
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48
Q

Integument

A

2 layers (epidermis and dermis)

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49
Q

Digestive

A 
Complete
Ventral and specialized regions
Ceca/diverticula - liver and pancreas
Ends in cloaca
Opens in anys
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50
Q

Coelom

A

Pericardial
Pleupentonial (pleuralwnd abdominal)
Scrotal
Cavities

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51
Q

Respiratory

A

Gills and lungs

52
Q

Circulatory

A

Closed circulatory

Heart, blood vessels, and blood

53
Q

Directions

A 
Anterior - posterior
Cranial - caudal
Dorsal - ventral
Proximal - distal
Medial - lateral
Superior - inferior
54
Q

Ventral body cavity

A

Thoracic

Abdominopelvic

55
Q

Chest cavity, separated from abdominal cavity by diaphragm

56
Q

Contains lungs

A

Pleural (right and left)

57
Q

Contains heart

A

Pericardial

58
Q

Region between the lungs form the breastbone to backbone that contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and many large blood and lymphatic vessels

A

Mediastinum

59
Q

Sudivuded into abdominal and pelvic cavities

A

Abdominopelvic

60
Q

Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine

61
Q

Contains urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal female and male reproductive organs

62
Q

Vertebral body cavity

A

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

63
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Right pleural cavity
Mediastinum
Left pleural cavity

64
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Abdominal cavity

Pelvic cavity

65
Q

Found in the medistinum that surrounds the heart

A

Pericardial cavity

66
Q

Reveals similarities and differences among animals today

A

Study of the structure of living species

67
Q

Reveal what vertabrates were like in the past

Assembling data in geological time frame showsa panorama of changes through time

A

Study of extinct species

68
Q

Sustems of classification

A

Artificial classification
Natural classification
Phenetic classification
Phylogenetic classification

69
Q

Advantage of artifical classification

A

Scheme is easy easy to develop and relatively stable (unlikely to change)

70
Q

Disadvantage of artificial classification

A

Does not necessarily show evolutionary relationships and for this reason are not comminly used

71
Q

Sinilarities first and then identifying shared characteristics
Shared a common ancestor
Can be used to predict characteristics shared by species within a group

A

Natural classification

72
Q

Use of overall similarity

A

Phenetic classification

73
Q

Sneath and Sokal (1973)

A

Studies phenetic classification based on morphological sinilarity

74
Q

Based on evolutionary descent of a group of organisms

A

Phylogentic classification

75
Q

Used phylogenetic classification

A

Prantl (1893) and Engler (1930)

76
Q

Show evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

A

Cladograms

77
Q

A trait that arose in the common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed along to its descendants

A

Derived characteristics

78
Q

Blastopore gives rise to mouth

A

Protostomes

79
Q

Blastopore gives rise to anus

A

Deuterostomes

80
Q

Geological eras of early vertebrates

A

Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic

81
Q

Age of fishes

82
Q

Age of reptiles

83
Q

Age of mammals

84
Q

3 subdivisions of chordates

A

Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Craniata

85
Q

All convert their notochord to vertebral column or bsckbone except hagfish
Large and divers grouo include fishes and tetrapods

86
Q

Cephalochordata

87
Q

Urochordata

A

Tunicates, sea squirts

88
Q

Presence of cranium to protect the brain

89
Q

Vertebrates

A 
Agnatha
Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Mammalia
90
Q

Jawless vertebrates
No paired pectoral/pelvic fins
Have no scales

91
Q

Round mouth

A

Cyclostomes

92
Q

800 species of sharks, skates and ray, anf chimaeras

A

Chondrichthyes

93
Q

Skeleton is made up of cartilage, not bone

A

Chondrichthyes

94
Q

Dermal scales of chondrichthes

95
Q

Pelvic fins of the male are modifies for depositing sperm in the reproductive tract of the female

96
Q

Agnatha

A

Ostracoderms

Cyclostomata

97
Q

First vertebrates
No jaws and paired fins
Dermal bony armor
Extinct at the end of devonian

A

Ostracoderms

98
Q

Cyclostomata

A

Petromyzonzontiformes
Myxiniformes
Acanthodii
Placodermi

99
Q

Lampreys

A

Petromyzontiformes

100
Q

Body wall musclelature

Overlapping

101
Q

Myxiniformes

102
Q

Oldest jawed fishes
Dermal bony armor
Bone and cartilage and large operticulum

A

Acanthodii

103
Q

Armored fishes
With jaws and paired fins
1st jaws were large

A

Placodermi

104
Q

Vertebrates that have jaws

Outnumber jawless vertebrates

A

Gnathostomes

105
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Elasmobranchii

Holocephali

106
Q

Cartilagenous fishes

A

Chondrichthyes

107
Q

Sharks, skates, sawfish

Squalus

A

Elasmobranchii

108
Q

Chimaeras

Ratfishes

A

Holocephali

109
Q

With operculum

Bony skeleton

A

Osteichthyes

  • Actinopterygii
  • Sarcopterygii
110
Q

Paddlefish, sturgeon, gars, bowfin, teleosts

Lack internal nares

A

Actinopterygii

111
Q

Cartilagenous period

A

Chondrostean

112
Q

Bony ganoid

113
Q

Modern bony fishes

114
Q

Actinopterygii

A

Chondrostei
Holostei
Teleostei

115
Q

Most primitive
Heterocercal tail
Sturgeon, paddlefish, Polypterus

A

Chondrostei

116
Q

Dominant in the past
Heterocercal tail
Gar, bowfin

117
Q

Dominant today
Homocercal tail
Majority of all fish

118
Q

Tail: Vertebral axis curved upward

A

Heterocercal

119
Q

Tail: Spear shaped

A

Diphycercal

120
Q

Tail: Symmetrical dorsal and ventral lobes

A

Homocercal

121
Q

Fleshy lobe finned fishes

A

Sarcopterygii

122
Q

Sarcopterygii

A

Actinistia

Rhipidistia

123
Q

Coelacanth

A

Actinistia

124
Q

Lungfish

A

Rhipidistia

125
Q

Significant adaptations of rhipidistia

A

Two atria and a partial septum in the ventricle of the heart

And enzyme system to convert ammonia into the less toxic urea

126
Q

Linking evidences

A

Limbs evolved
Vertebrae
Girdles similar
Fin’s skeletal composition exhibits homology with early amphibians

Zoo 102 (3 decks)

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