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Motor Learning > 1-7 > Flashcards

1-7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 pre-requisites of motor skills?

A
  1. limb/head movement
  2. voluntary
  3. purpose/goal
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2
Q

How are degrees of freedom determined

A

by the number of joints within a rigid body

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3
Q

How are degrees of freedom reduced

A
  1. development of muscle synergies/coordination
  2. physical properties
  3. comfort
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4
Q

How does the development of muscle synergies reduce degrees of freedom

A

Body becomes rigid, reducing the DOF available (e.g linking upper and lower arm reduces uniqueness and DOF)

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5
Q

Gross vs Fine motor skill

A

large muscles - gross
small muscles - fine

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6
Q

Discrete vs Serial vs Continuous motor skills

A

discrete - not repetitive (e.g jumping)
serial - a series of discrete movements (e.g playing a piano)
continuous - a continuous cycle of movement (e.g rowing, running)

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7
Q

Closed vs Open motor skills

A

closed - no need to adapt to environment (e.g swimming in a lane)
open - adapting to the environment (e.g swimming in an ocean)

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8
Q

Study Gentiles 2 Dimensional Classification

A

lecture 2.1

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9
Q

Types of Reaction Time

A

Simple - only one option (e.g pressing a button)

Choice - given a choice based on stimulus (e.g pressing a button asap with the right hand for the right light and the left hand for the left light). Hicks Law

Discrimination - making a decision (e.g pressing a button asap when a certain coloured light is turned on, but not when others are displayed)

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10
Q

What is fractionated reaction time

A

Premotor Time + Motor Time = Reaction Time

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10
Q

What is premotor time?

A

The time taken for the brain to recruit muscle fibres in response to a stimulus (time taken from appearance of stimulus to the first visible EMG trace)

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11
Q

what is motor time?

A

movement hasn’t started but the muscle is already firing

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12
Q

What is the speed-accuracy trade off referred to as?

A

Fitts Law

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13
Q

What is a choice reaction time referred to as?

A

Hicks Law

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14
Q

What are some variables that influence reaction time?

A
  • Response selection
  • Response programming
  • Response complexity
  • Accuracy demands
  • Genetic disorders
  • Age
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15
Q

What is constant error?

A

average error of performance
a CE of -0.8 means they shot 0.8 units too short of the target

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16
Q

What is variable error?

A

how consistent their performance is
A VE of 0.8 means the results were on average 0.8m apart from one another

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17
Q

What is total error?

A

Constant error + variable error
Negatives don’t count. e.g CE of -1, VE 0.4, TE = 1.4

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18
Q

What are the 4 major paradigms in motor control research

A
  • Ideomotor
  • Behaviourism
  • Cognitivism
  • Holism
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19
Q

What is the ideomotor paradigm

A

movements are initatid without active intent and influenced by images and ideas

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20
Q

What is the behaviourism paradigm

A

behaviours are either a reflex or a consequence of history

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21
Q

What is the cognitivism paradigm

A

brain is seen as a computer with an input and output

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22
Q

What is the holism paradigm

A

everything works in tandem with one another

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23
Q

What are the 3 major theories in motor control research?

A
  1. reflex theories
  2. hierarchical theories
  3. dynamical/ecological theories
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24
Q

What are the main ideas of the reflex theory

A
  • Muscle reflexes are the basis of all movement
  • Use afferent information
  • External stimulus leads to a movement, which leads to a new stimulus to trigger a new movement (response chaining hypothesis)
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25
Q

What are the main ideas of the hierarchical theory

A

Top down control. The cerebral cortex controls the systems below

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26
Q

What are the main ideas of the dynamical systems theory

A

The system is capable of self organisation and the brain doesn’t have to make a decision for every movement or behaviour, but creates patterns instead

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27
Q

What is the order of hierarchy within the body

A
  1. Premotor and supplementary motor control
  2. Motor cortex
  3. Brainstem
  4. Spinal cord
  5. Peripheral nerves
  6. Muscles
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28
Q

What is the difference between hierarchical and reflex theories

A

Reflex theory is where the body moves in response to stimuli
Hierarchical theory is where the brain is responsible for the planning and execution of movement

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29
Q

What are the main ideas of the ecological dynamics theory

A

Interaction between human and environment

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30
Q

What is self organisation

A

The body creates its own movement patterns

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31
Q

Does open loop control have feedback?

A

No

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32
Q

Does closed loop control have feedback?

A

Yes

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33
Q

What theory is motor programs a branch of?

A

hierarchical

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34
Q

How fast does a movement have to be to not apply feedback according to the motor program theory

A

Less than 150-200ms

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35
Q

What was Schmidt’s Generalised Motor Program?

A

all movement is stored as a generalised motor program. Some features were variable (absolute timing, absolute forces, muscle selection) and others were invariable (sequencing, relative timing, relative forces)

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36
Q

Limitations of Schmidt’s generalised motor program

A

cannot explain
- optical flow
- affordances (different possibilities for actions within the same environment)
- time to contact
- self organising systems

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37
Q

What are the 5 steps of motor planning and execution

A
  1. Input
  2. Deciding to act (limbic system)
  3. Response selection (association cortex)
  4. Scaling/fine tuning (projection system)
  5. Execution (spinal system)
  6. Feedback (spinal system)
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38
Q

What is the role of the Basal Ganglia in motor planning?

A

preparation and scaling

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39
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex

A
  • Motor cortex
  • Pre-motor cortex
  • Supplementary motor area
  • Parietal cortex
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40
Q

What is the role of the spinal cord in motor control

A

carry efferent and afferent information

41
Q

What is efferent

A

Away from the brain

42
Q

What is afferent

A

To the brain

43
Q

Why does the left side of the brain control the right side of the body (and vice versa)

A

75% of the neurons on the right side of the brain switch over to the left side in the medulla (and vice versa)
The other 25% don’t cross sides and control axial muscles (spine, core etc.)

44
Q

Muscle spindle receptors

A
  • Spindles fire when muscle stretched
  • 1a afferent
  • Gamma motor neurone carry neural impulse from CNS to muscle spindles
  • When pre-planning a movement, spindles will become less sensitive as the body is already aware of a movement that is about to occur
45
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs

A
  • Give feedback to tendon stretch
  • 1b afferent
  • Allow us to estimate weights of objects and forces applied to objects
46
Q

Joint receptors

A
  • Sensory endings in the joints
  • Provide information of the joint angle (e.g knowing the position of a joint when in the dark/can’t see)
47
Q

Cutaneous receptors

A
  • Receptors in the skin
  • Mechanoreceptors measure deformation of skin e.g information about touch, pressure
  • Homunculus. As the hands are overrepresented with cutaneous receptors
48
Q

What are the 4 types of proprioceptors (peripheral nervous system)

A
  • Muscle spindles
  • Golgi Tendon Organs
  • Joint receptors
  • Cutaneous receptors
49
Q

Is a muscle stretch reflex a short or long reflex loop

A

Short

50
Q

What are the three main groups of sensory receptors

A
  1. Interoceptors
  2. Proprioceptors
  3. Exteroceptors
51
Q

What type of information do exteroceptors provide

A

visual and audio

52
Q

What is the role of the vestibular system in proprioception

A

Signal balance (position and movement of the head)

53
Q

What is the pathway of sensory information

A

Spinal Nerves –> Spinal Column –> Thalamus –> Primary Somatosensory Cortex –> Association Areas

54
Q

What does the primary somatosensory cortex do?

A

Signals generated from the proprioceptors are considered to be be ‘just a signal’. At the PSC, signals are translated to detect what the signal was.

55
Q

What do association areas do?

A

They receive translated signals from the primary somatosensory cortex and create relevant motor responses from them

56
Q

What are the 5 types of eye movement

A
  • Vestibular-Occular Reflex
  • Optokinetic Reflex
  • Smooth Pursuit
  • Saccades
  • Vergence
57
Q

What is the Vestibular-Ocular Reflex eye movement

A

stabilises eye when head moves

58
Q

What is optokinetic reflex eye movement

A

maintains stable image on retina

59
Q

What is smooth pursuit eye movement

A

track slow moving objects in space

60
Q

What is saccades eye movement

A

eyes jump to track fast objects

61
Q

What is vergence eye movement

A

brings objects at different depths of focus

62
Q

What is event occlusion

A

A section of visual information is masked, and a participant has to predict the outcome of the movement. e.g masking a section of a tennis serve (masking the feet, racquet arm, non racquet arm etc.) and seeing if the receiver can predict where the ball is going to go

63
Q

Why are 2 eyes better than one

A

depth perception

64
Q

What is the 2 visual stream hypothesis?

A

light absorbed from the eyes are transferred into a visual signal which is sent to the primary cortex, and then sending the signal to the ventral and dorsal stream

65
Q

What is the ventral stream in the 2 visual stream hypothesis

A

vision for perception. identifying objects

66
Q

Wha is the dorsal stream in the 2 visual stream hypothesis

A

vision for action. spatial awareness and guided actions

67
Q

What is Perception-Action Coupling

A

The ventral and dorsal streams are coupled and use open loop control instead of a closed loop (e.g gaming)

68
Q

What is Tau

A

Time to contact
larger image on retina = closer

69
Q

Who is effected by postural sway

A

everyone. no one has a postural sway of 0

70
Q

Under what conditions does sway increase under

A
  • Closing eyes
  • Standing on narrow support
  • Age and disorder
71
Q

What are the three senses for postural stability

A

Vision
Proprioception
Vestibular

72
Q

What is Fitt’s law

A

to maximise speed, accuracy must be reduced

73
Q

What does a high index of difficulty mean

A

more difficult to complete a task within the same movement time

74
Q

What are the 2 phases of motor control processes Related to the Speed-Accuracy Trade-off

A

Phase 1 - initial rapid limb movement
Phase 2 - homing in

75
Q

What are the 3 phases in which visual information is used in the speed-accuracy trade-off

A
  1. Preparation phase
  2. Initial flight phase
  3. Termination phase
76
Q

How does object manipulation affect prehension

A

Depending on how your planning on manipulating an object can impact the transport and grasp phases (e.g choosing to put a cup in the dishwasher vs choosing to drink out of it can impact transport and grasp)

77
Q

What is a symmetrical motor skill?

A

a skill that requires both hands completing the same task e.g rowing

78
Q

What is an asymmetrical motor skill

A

two hands completing two different tasks (e.g playing guitar)
require 2 different motor programs to be launched

79
Q

What is Hicks law?

A

reaction time increases in a logarithmic relationship as the number of stimulus-response choices increases

80
Q

What is priming/pre-cue

A

Reaction time decreases as the predictability of one of the possible choices increases

81
Q

What is fore period predictability

A

the time between a warning signal and the word ‘go’ (e.g take your marks)
if the fore period is always the same length

82
Q

Is a GTO reflex a short or long reflex loop

A

Short

83
Q

What is the difference between a short and long reflex loop

A

Short - same spinal level
Long - across spinal levels, more complex movements

84
Q

What are the two types of spinal reflexes?

A

Long and short reflex loops

85
Q

What are spinal reflexes

A

the afferent signal from GTO reflex and muscle stretch reflex (short reflex loops) that project to the spinal cord

86
Q

What does Fitts Law formula represnt

A

2D/W (D = movement distance, W = width of object)

87
Q

What relationship does index of difficulty have

A

higher ID = more difficult task to complete within the same movement time

88
Q

What are the 2 phases of fitts law

A
  1. initial rapid movement
  2. homing in
89
Q

What is motor equivalence

A

adapting to the demands of the task (adjusting size, force, direction, and muscle involvement)

90
Q

what is the filter attention theory

A

bottleneck. Can only do things one at a time. Doesn’t explain multitasking

91
Q

What attention theory says you can only do one thing at a time

A

filter attention theory

92
Q

What is the central resource capacity attention theory

A

All tasks are located within an attention bubble. By completing multiple activities at a time, it causes the attention bubble to fill up

93
Q

What attention theory are all tasks located within an attention bubble

A

central resource capacity theory

94
Q

What are the 4 types of performance curves

A

Linear
Negatively Accelerated
Positively Accelerated
Sigmoid Curve

95
Q

What is a dual task procedure?

A

Simultaneous execution of two different tasks. Playing table tennis and having to do quick maths

96
Q

What are methods to assist working memory

A

chunking, repetition

97
Q

Difference between implicit and explicit knowledge

A

Implicit - info we are not aware of (relates to motor skills). Muscle memory
Explicit - info we are constantly aware of. Knowledge, previous experiences

98
Q

Motor Learning Experiment testing order

A
  1. Pre test
  2. Practice
  3. Post test
  4. Retention Interval
  5. Retention Test
  6. Transfer test
99
Q

Vertical Transfer

A

applying a skill to a more complex task
e.g indoor rock climbing -> free climbing
progressing the skill

100
Q

Lateral/Horizontal transfer

A

Applying a skill to a different context
e.g climbing a ladder –> climbing a tree, badminton -> tennis

101
Q

Types of Learning

A

Discovery learning
Explicit instructions
Analogy learning
Learning by task constraints
Observation and imitation

Motor Learning (1 decks)

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