1 Flashcards
What is the epithelium
layer of cells that lines the internal and mucosal body surfaces including the resp tract.
What is epithelial tissue referred to as?
Respiratory Mucosa
What is the air we breath made up of?
78%nitrogen, 21% O2, and other gases
How many liters of air do we inhale daily
10,000
What is the resp system protected by?
physical barriers and immune system activity
What structures are involved in Air Conduction?
tachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
What structures are involved in gas exchange?
Resp bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
Describe differences in cartilage in trachea and bronchi
Trachea has C shaped cart, as well as primary bronchi, secondary and tertiary are irregularly shaped pieces of cart.
As bronchi decrease in size what happens to the percent of smooth muscle?
It Increases
Describe Resp Mucosa
Ciliated columnar epithelial cells line the trachea and bronchi. Epith cells are vertically arranged in single layer.
What are goblet cells?
Mucus secreting cells are interspersed in epithelial cells
What is basement membrane
single layer of connective tissue separates the resp mucosa from the submucosa and functions as an anchor for epith. cells and goblet cells
What is the Submucosa
layer of connective tissue directly under basement membrane and supports the overlying mucosa.
What does the submucosa house?
Submucosal glands, mast cells, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, blood vessels, goblet cells
What are submucosal glands?
2 types, mucous and serous. Secrete fluids that provide moisture the respiratory mucosa need to maintain protective functions
What are mast cells
Large, granule containing cells. defend against pathogens, and allergens. inflammatory response when they release granules
What do mast cells produce and release?
Heavily concentrated in the resp mucosa, produce and release histamine which contributes to inflammation and the allergic response
What is a lymphocyte
Smallest white blood cell critical to immune response bc some types can identify and destroy foreign proteins such as bacteria and viruses.
What are fibroblasts?
cells that are integral to the production of elastic connective tissue that helps support the airway and maintain its shape, esp during exhalation
What supplies the blood vessels?
The Bronchial arteries supply blood vessels for submucosa, basement membrane, epithelium.
What is a goblet cell?
specialized wine glass shaped cells that produce and secrete mucus that lines the airways and moistens the epithelial surface. Mucus is sticky, traps foreign objects that celia sweep away
Describe respiratory bronchioles
Tiny air tubes with sparsely distributed alveoli. Function in air conduction and minimal gas exchange.
Describe cellular composition of resp bronchiole
lined with simple cuboidal epith, has Clara cells or with simple squamous epith of the alveoli
What are alveoli?
bubble-like elastic thin walled structures that are responsible for the lungs vital funtions. exchange of O2, and CO2
Describe composition of alveolar wall
simples squamous epithelium, single layer of flat , non-ciliated cells. Thin connective tissue membrane with a network of elastic fibers and blood capillaries support epith.
Where are immune cells located? types?
Present in layer of squamous epithelium. Macrophages, lymphocytes and imflammatory cells.
What are the 3 layers of the gas exchange barrier?
Epith that lines the alveoli, layer of connective tissue fibers, Endothelium that lines the capillaries
What does the smooth muscle in the bronchi do?
Regulates the tone or openness of the airway
What do you think the functions of resp mucosa are?
protect airway, mucus secretion, remove irritating substances, initiate immune defense
The resp and alveoli are numerous. Flattened they would cover the surface area of?
Tennis court
