1

Question 1

what is ionization?

Answer 1

energy required to remove one ion

Question 2

what is the closest shell to the nucleus?

Answer 2

k (highest ionization)

Question 3

inner shells k,l,m can only be removed by what?

Answer 3

x-ray, gamma ray or high energy particles

Question 4

what is transmission of energy through space and matteR?

Answer 4

radiation

Question 5

two forms of radiation?

Answer 5

particulate and electromagnetic

Question 6

what kinds of particulate radiation?

Answer 6

alpha, beta and gamma

Question 7

heavy mass +2 charge?

Answer 7

alpha

Question 8

electrons, smaller, lighter , single negative charge?

Answer 8

beta

Question 9

cathode rays are what kind of particles produced in the x-ray tubes?

Answer 9

beta

Question 10

range of electromagnetic radiation from low to high

Answer 10

radio waves, microwaves, visible waves, x-rays and gamma rays

Question 11

formation of electron cloud located where?

Answer 11

at the cathode

Question 12

what creates the x-ray?

Answer 12

interaction with electrons and tungsten

Question 13

x-ray generation steps?

Answer 13

form electron cloud, accelerate electrons into tungsten target, interaction with tungsten electrons produce x-rays

Question 14

what is at the cathode?

Answer 14

tungsten wire and focusing cup

Question 15

what gives off electrons?

Answer 15

tungsten wire, proportional to how hot

Question 16

explain focus cup

Answer 16

negatively charged, concave around filament, focuses electrons into narrow beam

Question 17

what is at the anode?

Answer 17

tungsten target in copper

Question 18

kinetic energy of electrons converted unto x ray photons, incredibly inefficient, how much lost to heat?

Answer 18

99%

Question 19

x ray tube functions

Answer 19

heat filament and establish high voltage potential between anode and cathode

Question 20

what reduce voltage to about 10v?

Answer 20

filament transformer

Question 21

what boosts voltage between anode and cathode?

Answer 21

high voltage transofmer

Question 22

what is the primary source of x-ray radiation?

Answer 22

bremsstrahlung radiation “braking”

Question 23

if the electron passes close to the nucleus, what is produced?

Answer 23

a higher energy photon

Question 24

if electron collides with nucleus, it is annihilated and what is emitted?

Answer 24

max energy photon

Question 25

characteristic radiation is what?

Answer 25

when electron is bumped out, makes up small fraction of x-rays. energies of photons are discrete

Question 26

name interactions between electrons and x ray tube

Answer 26

bensstrahlung and chcracteristic

Question 27

name interactions between x rays and patient

Answer 27

photoelectric absorption and compton scattering

Question 28

reduction of intensity of the x ray beam by interactions with matter?

Answer 28

attenutation

Question 29

photon ionizes an atom, converts its energy to kinetic energy of an electron and photon ceases to exist

Answer 29

absorption

Question 30

compton scattering makes up how much of x-ray

Answer 30

57%

Question 31

photoelectric absorption makes up how much of x-ray

Answer 31

27%

Question 32

coherent scattering makes up how much of x-ray

Answer 32

7%

Question 33

no interaction makes up how much of x-ray

Answer 33

9%

Question 34

occurs when low energy incident photon momentarily ceases to exist

Answer 34

coherent scattering

Question 35

photon ejects an outer electron, photon loses energy and scatters in different directions

Answer 35

compton scattering

Question 36

in Compton scattering what happens to photons that travel to the detector?

Answer 36

they degrade the image by reducing contrast

Question 37

what is the primary contributor to the image formation

Answer 37

photoelectric absorption

Question 38

incident photon ejects an inner orbital electron and ceases to exist

Answer 38

photoelectric absorption

Question 39

probability of interaction of compton scattering is proportional to what

Answer 39

electron density of material ( likely to occur in bone)

Question 40

what tissues more likely to interact with photoelectric absorption?

Answer 40

bone

Question 41

what is referred to as beam quantity or beam intensity

Answer 41

mAs

Question 42

what modifies the number of photons created at all energies?

Answer 42

mAs

Question 43

what is mAs

Answer 43

exposure time (s) and tube current (mA)

Question 44

kVp is what

Answer 44

tube voltage peak

Question 45

what determines the potential difference between cathode and anode?

Answer 45

tube voltage peak

Question 46

increasing kVp increases what

Answer 46

number of photons generated, mean energy of photons, and max energy of photons

Question 47

whats referred to as beam quality?

Answer 47

tube voltage peak

Question 48

filtration does what?

Answer 48

removes low energy photons, reducing beam intensity and increase mean energy