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radiology exam 1 > 1 > Flashcards

1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is ionization?

A

energy required to remove one ion

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2
Q

what is the closest shell to the nucleus?

A

k (highest ionization)

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3
Q

inner shells k,l,m can only be removed by what?

A

x-ray, gamma ray or high energy particles

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4
Q

what is transmission of energy through space and matteR?

A

radiation

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5
Q

two forms of radiation?

A

particulate and electromagnetic

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6
Q

what kinds of particulate radiation?

A

alpha, beta and gamma

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7
Q

heavy mass +2 charge?

A

alpha

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8
Q

electrons, smaller, lighter , single negative charge?

A

beta

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9
Q

cathode rays are what kind of particles produced in the x-ray tubes?

A

beta

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10
Q

range of electromagnetic radiation from low to high

A

radio waves, microwaves, visible waves, x-rays and gamma rays

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11
Q

formation of electron cloud located where?

A

at the cathode

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12
Q

what creates the x-ray?

A

interaction with electrons and tungsten

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13
Q

x-ray generation steps?

A

form electron cloud, accelerate electrons into tungsten target, interaction with tungsten electrons produce x-rays

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14
Q

what is at the cathode?

A

tungsten wire and focusing cup

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15
Q

what gives off electrons?

A

tungsten wire, proportional to how hot

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16
Q

explain focus cup

A

negatively charged, concave around filament, focuses electrons into narrow beam

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17
Q

what is at the anode?

A

tungsten target in copper

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18
Q

kinetic energy of electrons converted unto x ray photons, incredibly inefficient, how much lost to heat?

A

99%

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19
Q

x ray tube functions

A

heat filament and establish high voltage potential between anode and cathode

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20
Q

what reduce voltage to about 10v?

A

filament transformer

21
Q

what boosts voltage between anode and cathode?

A

high voltage transofmer

22
Q

what is the primary source of x-ray radiation?

A

bremsstrahlung radiation “braking”

23
Q

if the electron passes close to the nucleus, what is produced?

A

a higher energy photon

24
Q

if electron collides with nucleus, it is annihilated and what is emitted?

A

max energy photon

25
Q

characteristic radiation is what?

A

when electron is bumped out, makes up small fraction of x-rays. energies of photons are discrete

26
Q

name interactions between electrons and x ray tube

A

bensstrahlung and chcracteristic

27
Q

name interactions between x rays and patient

A

photoelectric absorption and compton scattering

28
Q

reduction of intensity of the x ray beam by interactions with matter?

A

attenutation

29
Q

photon ionizes an atom, converts its energy to kinetic energy of an electron and photon ceases to exist

A

absorption

30
Q

compton scattering makes up how much of x-ray

A

57%

31
Q

photoelectric absorption makes up how much of x-ray

A

27%

32
Q

coherent scattering makes up how much of x-ray

A

7%

33
Q

no interaction makes up how much of x-ray

A

9%

34
Q

occurs when low energy incident photon momentarily ceases to exist

A

coherent scattering

35
Q

photon ejects an outer electron, photon loses energy and scatters in different directions

A

compton scattering

36
Q

in Compton scattering what happens to photons that travel to the detector?

A

they degrade the image by reducing contrast

37
Q

what is the primary contributor to the image formation

A

photoelectric absorption

38
Q

incident photon ejects an inner orbital electron and ceases to exist

A

photoelectric absorption

39
Q

probability of interaction of compton scattering is proportional to what

A

electron density of material ( likely to occur in bone)

40
Q

what tissues more likely to interact with photoelectric absorption?

A

bone

41
Q

what is referred to as beam quantity or beam intensity

A

mAs

42
Q

what modifies the number of photons created at all energies?

A

mAs

43
Q

what is mAs

A

exposure time (s) and tube current (mA)

44
Q

kVp is what

A

tube voltage peak

45
Q

what determines the potential difference between cathode and anode?

A

tube voltage peak

46
Q

increasing kVp increases what

A

number of photons generated, mean energy of photons, and max energy of photons

47
Q

whats referred to as beam quality?

A

tube voltage peak

48
Q

filtration does what?

A

removes low energy photons, reducing beam intensity and increase mean energy

radiology exam 1 (2 decks)

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