1

Question 1

Illusion

Answer 1

A type of false perception in which the perception of a real world object is combined with internal imagery to produce a false internal percept. Three types of illusion: affect, completion and pareidolic.

Question 2

Affect illusions

Answer 2

combination of heightened emotion and misperception e.g. see a moving tree as an attacker when walking at night

Question 3

Completion illusions

Answer 3

rely on brains tendency to fill in presumed missing parts of an object (optical illusions based on these)

Question 4

Pareidolic illusions

Answer 4

meaningful percepts produced when experiencing poorly defined stimulus eg seeing faces in a fire

Question 5

Hallucination

Answer 5

An internal percept without a corresponding external object. A true hallucination will be perceived as in external space, distinct from imagined images, outside conscious control, and as possessing relative permanence. A pseudo-hallucination will lack one or all of these characteristics.

Question 6

Pseudo-hallucination

Answer 6

A false perception which is perceived as occurring as part of one’s internal experience, not as part of the external world. It may be described as been seen with the minds eye. eg hallucination of deceased spouse

Question 7

Types of hallucination

Answer 7

auditory, visual, gustatory, tactile, olfactory, kinaesthetic.
auditory = schizo, visual = organic

Question 8

Over-valued idea

Answer 8

Strongly held beliefs which are particularly important to 4 disorders: depressive, anxiety, eating & sexual. They differ from obsessions in that they can be put out of the mind with effort. They come to unreasonably dominate the pts life

Question 9

Delusion

Answer 9

Fixed false beliefs which are firmly held despite evidence to the contrary and go against the individual’s normal social and cultural belief system

Question 10

Delusion arising out of the blue

Answer 10

autochthonous delusion

Question 11

Delusion arising from seeing a normal thing eg passing the salt

Answer 11

delusional percept

Question 12

delusion arising on recalling a memory

Answer 12

delusional memory

Question 13

whats delusional mood

Answer 13

a delusion arising on a background of anticipation, odd experiences, and increased awareness

Question 14

12 types of delusion

Answer 14

persecutory
grandoise
delusions of control
of thought interference
of reference
of guilt
of love delusional misidentification
jealousy
hypochondrial delusions
nihilistic delusions
delusions of infestation

Question 15

Persecutory delusions

Answer 15

other people are conspiring against them in order to inflict harm or destroy their reputation

Question 16

delusions of grandoise

Answer 16

fantastical beliefs that one is famous, omnipotent, wealthy, or otherwise very powerful

Question 17

delusions of reference

Answer 17

random events, objects or the behaviour of others have special significance to oneself

Question 18

delusions of control

Answer 18

False belief that another person, group of people, or external force controls one’s general thoughts, feelings, impulses, or behaviour

Question 19

nihilistic delusions

Answer 19

they are worthless or dying

In severe cases they claim that everything is non existent including themselves (Cotard’s syndrome)

Question 20

delusional perception

Answer 20

A primary delusion which is recalled as having arisen as a result of a perception (e.g. a patient who, on seeing 2 white cars pull up in front of his house became convinced that he was therefore about to be wrongly accused of being a paedophile. This percept is a real external object, not a hallucinatory experience.

Question 21

Thought alienation

Answer 21

A symptom of psychosis in which patients feel that their own thoughts are in some way no longer within their control. It includes thought insertion, thought withdrawal, and thought broadcast. Any form of thought alienation is a Schneiderian first-rank symptom, highly indicative of schizophrenia.

Question 22

Thought insertion

Answer 22

A delusional belief that thoughts are being placed into the patients head - 1st rank schizophrenia symptom

Question 23

Thought withdrawal

Answer 23

The delusional belief that thoughts have been ‘taken out’ of the patient’s mind, and the patient has no power over this

Question 24

Thought broadcast

Answer 24

The delusional belief that one’s thoughts are accessible directly to others. 1st rank schizophrenia symptom

Question 25

Thought echo

Answer 25

The experience of an auditory hallucination in which the content is the individuals current thoughts. 1st rank schizophrenia symptom

Question 26

Thought block

Answer 26

During thought blocking, a person stops speaking suddenly and without explanation in the middle of a sentence. Schizo

Question 27

First rank symps of schizophrenia

Answer 27

Schneider described these.
11 symps 4 categories
1 - Auditory hallucinations
a) 'voices heard arguing'
b) thought echo
c) 'running commentry'

2 - Delusions of though interference

a) thought insertion
b) thought withdrawal
c) thought broadcasting

3 - Delusions of control

a) passivity of affect
b) passivity of impulse
c) passivity of volitions
d) somatic passivity

4 - Delusional perception
A primary delusion arising from a normal perception

Question 28

Concrete thinking

Answer 28

the loss of the ability to understand abstract concepts and metaphorical ideas leading to strictly literal form of speech and inability to comprehend allusive language. Seen in schizophrenia and in dementing illnesses.

Question 29

Loosening of associations

Answer 29

A symptom of formal thought disorder (abnormalities in the way thoughts are linked together)
- loss of the normal structure of thinking
- mainly in schizophrenia
3 types
1. derailment of thought - discourse consisting of a sequence of unrelated or only remotely related ideas
2. tangential thinking - diverts from original train of thought but never returns to it.
3. word salad - speech that is reduced to a senseless repetition of sounds and phrases

Question 30

Circumstantial thinking

Answer 30

A symptom of formal thought disorder (abnormalities in the way thoughts are linked together)
Thinking proceeds slowly with many unnecessary details and digressions, before returning to the original point. It is seen in mania and in anankastic (obsessive) personality disorder

Question 31

Perseveration

Answer 31

A symptom of formal thought disorder (abnormalities in the way thoughts are linked together)
Uncontrollable and inappropriate repetition of a particular response, such as a word, phrase or gesture. Most often occurs in dementia.

Question 32

Confabulation

Answer 32

The process of describing plausibly false memories for a period for which the pt has amnesia. Occurs in Korsakoff psychosis, dementia and following alcoholic palimpsest.

Question 33

Neologisms

Answer 33

A symptom of formal thought disorder (abnormalities in the way thoughts are linked together)
Are words and phrases devised by the patient or a new meaning to an already known word. May be seen in schizophrenia and autism

Question 34

Clouding of consciousness

Answer 34

Conscious level between full consciousness and coma. Covers a range of increasingly severe loss of function with drowsiness and impairment of concentration and perception.

Question 35

Catatonia

Answer 35

Increased resting muscle tone which is not present on active or passive movement (in contrast to EPSE of Parkinson’s).
A motor symptom of schizophrenia

Question 36

Anhedonia

Answer 36

The feeling of absent or significantly diminished enjoyment of previously pleasurable activities.

A core symptom of depressive illness, also a negative symptom of schizophrenia.

Question 37

Akathisia

Answer 37

Sense of uncomfortable desire to move / restlessness. Relieved by repeated movement of affected part (usually legs).
Is a SE of neuroleptic drugs

Question 38

Belle indifference

Answer 38

A surprising lack of concern for, or denial of, apparently sever functional disability. It is part of classical descriptions of hysteria

Question 39

Blunting of affect

Answer 39

Loss of the normal degree of emotional sensitivity and sense of the appropriate emotional response to events. A negative symptom of schizophrenia.

Question 40

Depersonalisation

Answer 40

An unpleasant subjective experience where the patient feels as if they have become ‘unreal’.

Question 41

Derealisation

Answer 41

An unpleasant subjective experience where the patient feels as if the world has become unreal.

Question 42

Conversion

Answer 42

The development of features suggestive of physical illness but which are attributed to psychiatric illness or emotional disturbance rather than organic pathology

Question 43

Dissociation

Answer 43

The separation of unpleasant emotions and memories from consciousness awareness with subsequent disruption to the normal integrated function of consciousness and memory.

Conversion and dissociation are related concepts. In conversion the emotional abnormality produces physical symptoms, while in dissociation there is impairment of mental functioning.

Question 44

Flight of ideas

Answer 44

Subjective experience of one’s thoughts being more rapid than normal, with each thought having a greater range of consequent thoughts than normal. Meaningful connections between thoughts are maintained.

Question 45

Formal thought disorder

Answer 45

all pathological disturbances in the form of thought

Question 46

Mannerism

Answer 46

Abnormal and occasionally bizarre performance of a voluntary, goal-directed activity e.g. dramatic manner of walking

Question 47

Obsession / compulsion

Answer 47

An idea, image or impulse which is recognised by the patient as their own, but which is experienced as repetitive, intrusive and distressing. In some cases the accompanying obsessional thoughts can be relieved by associated compulsions e.g. a patient with an obsession that his wife may have come to harm feeling compelled to phone her constantly during the day to check she is still alive

Question 48

Incongruity of affect

Answer 48

Refers to the objective impression that the displayed affect is not consistent with the current thoughts or actions, (e.g. laughing while discussing traumatic experiences). Schizophrenia

Question 49

Pressure of speech

Answer 49

The speech pattern consequent upon pressure of thought. The speech is rapid, difficult to interrupt and with increasing severity of illness the connection between sequential ideas may be increasingly hard to follow. Occurs in manic illness

Question 50

Psychomotor retardation

Answer 50

Decreased spontaneous movement and slowness in instigating voluntary movement. Actions = more effort. Retardation of thought. Occurs in mod to sev depression

Question 51

Stupor

Answer 51

Absence of movement and mutism where there is no impairment of consciousness. Functional stupor occurs in a variety of psychiatric illnesses. Organic stupor is caused by lesions in the midbrain.