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1 Flashcards

1
Q

polar

A

Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.

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2
Q

nonpolar

A

No partial charges. Do not mix with water.

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3
Q

electronegativity

A

Attraction of an atom for electrons in a covalent bond.

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4
Q

cohesion

A

Water molecules sticking to each other.

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5
Q

adhesion

A

Water molecules sticking to other surfaces.

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6
Q

isomers

A

Same atoms but different arrangement.

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7
Q

structural isomers

A

Differ in arrangement of atoms.

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8
Q

geometric isomer

A

Differ in arrangement around a double bond

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9
Q

enantiomers

A

Structures that are like a mirror-image.

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10
Q

alpha glucose

A

Monomer for starch and glycogen.

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11
Q

beta glucose

A

Monomer for cellulose and chitin.

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12
Q

cellulose

A

Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls.

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13
Q

starch

A

Storage polysaccharide of plants.

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14
Q

glycogen

A

Extremely branched polymer of glucose.

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15
Q

chitin

A

Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.

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16
Q

-ose

A

suffix of a sugar

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17
Q

tryiacylglycerol

A

Glycerol and three fatty acids.

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18
Q

steroids

A

made of 4 rings of carbon

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19
Q

cholesterol

A

Steroid common in cell membranes, also in many hormones.

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20
Q

peptide bond

A

Bonds that connect amino acids.

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21
Q

Fredrick Sanger

A

Determined amino acid sequence of proteins.

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22
Q

disulphide bridges

A

reinforce tertiary structure

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23
Q

primary structure

A

chain of amino acids

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24
Q

secondary structure

A

Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.

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25
Q

tertiary structure

A

Results from interactions between side chains.

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26
Q

quarternary structure

A

Results from two or more polypeptide subunits

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27
Q

-in

A

suffix of a protein

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28
Q

purines

A

bases w/ double-ring structure

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29
Q

pyrimidines

A

bases w/ single-ring structure

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30
Q

phosphodiester bonds

A

Bonds between phosphate group and pentose sugar in nucleic acids.

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31
Q

synthesis

A

to put together

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32
Q

digestion

A

to break apart

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33
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

Condensation reaction where molecules are connected by loss of a water molecule.

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34
Q

hydrolysis

A

Reaction where water split into two hydrogens and one oxygen; this breaks a polymer.

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35
Q

anabolism

A

Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.

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36
Q

catabolism

A

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.

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37
Q

evolutionary adaptation

A

An accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms’ ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments.

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38
Q

artificial selection

A

Humans modifying species for desired traits through selective breeding.

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39
Q

descent w/ modification

A

Darwin’s way of referring to evolution.

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40
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

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41
Q

homology

A

Similarity resulting from common ancestry.

42
Q

homologous structures

A

Same structure, different function. Comes from common ancestor.

43
Q

comparative embryology

A

Embryos of vertebrates share many anatomical homologies.

44
Q

vestigial structures

A

Are little or no importance to organism, but remain from an ancestor.

45
Q

biogeography

A

geographic distribution of species

46
Q

microevolution

A

Change in genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation.

47
Q

macroevolution

A

Evolutionary change above the species level.

48
Q

population genetics

A

Study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of evolutionary processes.

49
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Theorem

A

Helps measure changes in allele frequencies over time. Provides an “ideal” population to use as a basis of comparison.

50
Q

mutation

A

Changes in the nucleotide sequence in DNA.

51
Q

sexual recombination

A

Crossing over and shuffling of genes during meiosis.

52
Q

genetic drift

A

Change in allele frequencies due to chance.

53
Q

bottleneck effect

A

When a population has been dramatically reduced, and the gene pool is no longer reflective of the original population’s.

54
Q

founder effect

A

When a small number of individuals colonize a new area; the new gene pool is not reflective of original population.

55
Q

gene flow

A

When a population gains or loses alleles., movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population.

56
Q

genetic variation

A

Heritable variations in a population.

57
Q

discrete characteristics

A

Characteristics that are classified on an either-or basis, determined by a single gene locus.

58
Q

quantitative characteristics

A

Characteristics that vary along a continuum, usually due to influence of two or more genes.

59
Q

geographic variation

A

Difference in variation between population subgroups in different areas.

60
Q

cline

A

A graded change in a trait along a geographic axis.

61
Q

relative fitness

A

Fitness of a particular genotype.

62
Q

heterozygous advantage

A

Maintains recessive alleles in a population,

63
Q

sexual selection

A

Natural selection for mating success.

64
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

Differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics.

65
Q

speciation

A

Origin of new species and the source of biological diversity.

66
Q

biological species concept

A

Species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to produce fertile offspring.

67
Q

reproductive isolation

A

Barriers that impede members of two different species fro producing fertile offspring.

68
Q

prezygotic barriers

A

Barriers that impede mating or hinder fertilization.

69
Q

habitat isolation

A

When two species encounter each other only rarely.

70
Q

temporal isolation

A

When two species breed at different times of day, season, or years.

71
Q

behavioral isolation

A

Incompatible courtship rituals, pheromones, or bird songs.

72
Q

mechanical isolation

A

Morphological differences prevent fertilization.

73
Q

gametic isolation

A

When sperm can’t fertilize the eggs.

74
Q

postzygotic barriers

A

Barriers that prevent the hybrid zygote from becoming a fertile adult.

75
Q

reduced hybrid viability

A

When the genes of different species interact and impair hybrid development.

76
Q

reduced hybrid fertility

A

Sterile hybrids due to uneven chromosome number.

77
Q

hybrid breakdown

A

Hybrid is fertile, but when they breed the next generation is sterile.

78
Q

allopatric speciation

A

When a population is divided; leads to speciation.

79
Q

sympatric speciation

A

Speciation without a divided population.

80
Q

polyploidy

A

In plants, the result of an extra set of chromosomes during cell division.

81
Q

autopolyploid

A

Having more than two sets of chromosomes from a single species.

82
Q

allopolyploid

A

Sterile hybrid is changed to a fertile polyploid due to mutation; fertile with each other, but not parent species.

83
Q

adaptive radiation

A

Evolution of many new species from a common ancestor as a result of introduction to new environments.

84
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

A model of evolution in which a new species will change the most as it buds from a parent species, and then will change little for the rest of its existence.

85
Q

gradualism

A

A model of evolution in which gradual change over a long period of time leads to biological diversity.

86
Q

heterochrony

A

Change in the rate or timing of a developmental event; an organism’s shape depends on relative growth rate of body parts.

87
Q

allometric growth

A

Proportioning that gives a body a specific form.

88
Q

homeotic genes

A

Genes that determine basic features of where a body part is.

89
Q

Hox genes

A

Class of homeotic genes. Changes in these genes can have a profound impact on morphology.

90
Q

phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of a species or group of species

91
Q

systematics

A

Analytical approach to understanding the diversity and relationships of present and past organisms.

92
Q

analogy

A

Anatomical similarity due to convergent evolution.

93
Q

homoplasies

A

Analogous structures that have evolved independently.

94
Q

taxonomy

A

A classification of organisms into groups based on similarities.

95
Q

genus

A

1st part of scientific name

96
Q

specific epithet

A

2nd part of scientific name

97
Q

phylogenetic trees

A

Branching diagrams that depict hypotheses about evolutionary relationships.

98
Q

cladogram

A

Diagram that shows patterns of shared characteristics

99
Q

clade

A

A taxonomic grouping that includes only a single ancestor and all of its descendants.

100
Q

cladistics

A

A phylogenetic classification system that uses shared derived characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping taxa.

101
Q

monophyletic group

A

A taxonomic grouping that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.

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