1 Flashcards
science
a way of learning more about the natural world that provides possible explanations to questions and involves using collection of skills
scientific theory
an attempt to explain a pattern observed repeatedly in the natural world
scientific law
a rule that describes a pattern in nature
investigation
the search for an answer to a question
the scientific method
a series of organized steps that scientists follow to create and conduct experiments
descriptive research
a method which answers scientific questions thru observation
experimental design
collection of structures, cycles, and processes that relate to and interact with each other.
three branches of science
life, earth/space, and physical science
physical science
the study of matter and energy (physics & chem)
matter
anything that takes up space and has mass
mass
the amount of matter that an object has
weight
measure of pull of gravity on object
force
push or pull
volume
amount of space that object occupies or is enclosed in a container
density
ratio of mass to volume; mass / volume
temperature
measure of average kinetic energy of particles in a sample of matter
thermometer
tool used to measure temperature
Degrees Celsius
metric unit of temperature
SI
international system of units
hypothesis
reasonable and possible answer to your questions based on what you know and what you observe; testable; a prediction
prediction
statement about what might occur in the future
infer
to draw a conclusion based on observations
inference
statement about what someone believes has ALREADY HAPPENED
evidence
available FACTS and INFORMATION indicating whether belief is true or valid
variables
factors that can be changed in experiment
IV
variable changed in experiment
DV
variable that changes as a result of change in the IV; what is observed/measured
constants
variables that aren’t changed
control
variable used for comparison / not affected by IV
data
info
qualitative data
data pertaining to characteristics
quantitative data
data pertaining to numbers
spring scale
tool used to measure weight and forces
graduated cylinder
tool used to measure and hold liquid
meniscus
curved upper surface of a liquid in a tube
displace
take over the place or position
displacement method
a way of measuring the object volume by displacing water when an object is placed into water.
beaker
tool used to measure and hold liquids
triple beam balance
tool used to measure mass
technology
practical use of science (applied science)
model
any representation of object or event used as a tool for understanding natural world
types of models
physical, computer, and idea models
physical models
models that you can see and touch
computer models
models built by using computer software
idea models
ideas/concepts that describe how someone thinks about something in natural world. E.g. E=mc^2 shows mass can be changed into energy
data table
graphic that organizes related data into rows and column
circle graph
pie chart; used to show data as parts of a whole
bar graph
visual display uses bars to show size of data; useful for comparing data
line graph
uses plotted lines to show relationship in change between sets of datas/variables
direct relationship
when IV and DV change in same ways
indirect relationship
when IV and DV change in opposite ways
cyclic relationship
pattern repeated in a regular way
interpolate
insert into a series by estimating or calculating from surrounding KNOWN values
extrapolate
EXTEND by inferring unknown values form trends in known data
extrapolation
finding values BEYOND KNOWN data points
experimental error
when something goes wrong in an experiment and causes unexpected results
deductive reasoning
take a deeper detail into broad situation
inductive reasoning
take a specific situation to make into a broader generalization
how do scientists solve problems?
scientists love to use resources when solving problems. the scientific method is an example.
inertia
resistance of an object
what does more mass equal?
more speed
observation
GATHERING OF INFO by using five SENSES
L or T : energy cannot be created or destroyed. it can only change in other forms
L
L or T : the earth is the center of the universe.
T
L or T : the moon was formed somewhere else in the solar system.
T
L or T : the sun is the center of the universe.
T
L or T : for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
L (newton’s)
meniscus
the curving of water on the sides of a glass due to adhesion.
accuracy
closeness of a measured value to STANDARD OR KNOWN VALUE
precision
closeness of two or more measurements to EACH OTHER
how is precision and accuracy related?
they’re independent from each other. you can be precise, but still not be close to the bullseye, whereas you can be accurate, but not precise.
percent of error formula
exact value - approximate value | / exact value * 100
what can’t you use the displacement method for?
objects with densities <1 or large objects.
what does the displacement method work with?
regular and irregular shaped objects with a density greater than 1
what can you use the formula method for
cubes or prisms
what are the two ways to find the volume of an object?
displacement method and formula
why are cells so small?
cells must move from one place to another in a quick and efficient way; as cells increase, the membrane also increases and so does the volume. if cells grow larger, the amount of material that passes thru membrane decreases.
what is the ratio of an object’s surface area to its volume when it gets larger in size?
sa/volume ratio decreases as size increases.
evidence
available facts/info indicating WHETHER A BELIEF IS TRUE OR VALID
what is the IV also known as
manipulative variable
what is the DV also known as
responding variable
what are the six characteristics of life (cogrra)
- composed of cells
- obtain and use energy
- grow and develop
- reproduce,
- respond to environment
- adapt to environment
sexual reproduction
2 parents
asexual reproduction
1 parent
ion
extra proton or one less electron
atomic number represents
number of protons
in a neutral charged element, the number of electrons is
the same as protons
to find the neutrons, we must
subtract atomic mass - protons
why is atomic mass in decimals?
atomic mass is the average of all the isotopes of an element.
solid properties
tightly packed, vibrating in place
gas properties
spread out, travel in straight line
neutrons
neutral
protons
positive
electrons
negative
cation
positively charged ion
anion
negatively charged ion
what do rows in a periodic table represent?
periods
what do columns in periodic table represent?
families, similar reactions/ characteristics
metalloids
properties of metals and nonmetals
atomic mass
number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of one atom
an earthworm turns away from light
respond to an environment
a bean seed produces a bean plant
reproduce
a student tries to solve a math problem
obtain and use energy
a person breathes out carbon dioxide
obtain and use energy
you become thirsty after exercise
respond to environment
a green plant grows in the direction of light
respond to environment
the average American females live 78 yrs
grow and develop
a caterpillar eats the leaves of a plant
obtain and use energy
plant wilts and dies from drying out
grow and develop
humming bird can hover like a helicopter
obtain and use energy
cats mate and produce kittens
reproduce
birds’ feathers provide warmth, help birds fly or swim, and keep them dry
adapt to environment
a runner becomes hot during a race
respond to environment
fireflies produce flashes of light
obtain and use energy, and respond
cottontail rabbit may live for 8 yrs
grow and develop
bear hibernates when it is cold
respond to environment
cut heals after a few days
respond to environment, composed of cells
fish scales keep water out of its body
adapt to environment
bacteria are single-celled organisms while humans are multi-cellular
made of cells
what’s the difference between single-cell and multi-cell?
single cells are duplicates of one another, therefore they execute the SAME ACTION. multi-cells are different, therefore they can PERFORM DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS
Earnest Rutherford
discovered existense of atoms and neutrons
relationship between protons and electrons with no net charge
protons=electrons
when is water most dense? (1)
4*C
when does water contract?
until 4*C
when does water expand?
from 4C to 0C
how does ice protect aquatic organisms?
acts as an insulator (blanket) for ocean, reflecting heat away rather than absorbing heat due to its white complexion. transition between seasons less abrupts
solvency
water is universal solvent bc it has positive and negative charge
cohesion
attraction between water molecules
adhesion
attraction between water molecules and an object
high surface temp of water
100*C
high heat of vaportization
when water boils it evaporates
density of water
as the temperature increases, the density of water decreases.
how many periods in periodic table
7
how many columns in periodic table
18
where are noble gases
group 18
chemical family
columns
if elements are in the same group, what does it mean?
same properties
Alkali Metals properties
- 1 electron in outer shell
- REACTIVE
- conductors
- group1
Transition metals props
- conductors
- 32 electrons
- 3-12
halogen props
- 7 electrons
- REACTIVE
- nonmetals
- 17
rare earth metals
conductors
oxygen
Group 16; reactive, 6 electrons
nitrogen
group 15; 5 electrons
carbon
group 14; 4 electrons
boron
group 13; 3 electrons
alkaline earth metals
2 electrons; group 2
