1

Question 1

Topic 2: Functionalist explanations

Answer 1

intro - structural sociologists and Durkheim

Conclusion - Albert cohen- the delinquent subculture

Question 2

Topic 3a: Marxist explanations

Answer 2

intro - Analysis of society - exploitation

conclusion - anything you don’t use

Question 3

Topic 3b: Social class and crime

Answer 3

intro - Reiner

Conclusion - A Marxist you don’t use

Question 4

Topic 4a: Interactionist explanations

Answer 4

intro - definitions of normality and deviance are a social construction, things can be interpreted differently
Conclusion - Becker

Question 5

Topic 4b The role of the police and courts in the social construction of crime

Answer 5

intro - interpretivist sociologists argue that the OCS are of limited usefulness
Police stereotypes intro - tell us more about the nature of policing
Conclusion - institutional racism

Question 6

Topic 4c: The role of the mass media in the social construction of crime

Answer 6

intro - media coverage of particular crime and the social reaction to them
Conclusion - Pilkington - reporting crime

Question 7

Topic 5a: Age and crime: sub-cultural explanations

Answer 7

Intro - 50% of all crimes are committed by young people

Conclusion - Collison - overwhelmingly male

Question 8

Topic 6a: Left Realist explanations of crime

Answer 8

intro - During the 1980’s Marxist and interactionist approaches were criticized - use official statistics and make policies.
conclusion - Left Realism and subcultural theory

Question 9

Topic 6b: Left Realist solutions to crime

Answer 9

intro - During the 1980’s Marxist and interactionist approaches were criticized - organisation of society
Conclusion - Feminist criminologists, such as Carlen

Question 10

Topic 7a: Right Realist (New Right) explanations of crime and deviance

Answer 10

intro - During the 1980’s Marxist and interactionist approaches were criticized - right-wing Conservative thinking
Murray development - Marsland - welfare dependency
Conclusion - Rational choice theory

Question 11

Topic 7b: Right Realist Solutions to Crime

Answer 11

intro - During the 1980’s Marxist and interactionist approaches were criticized - benefits of crime outweigh the costs (emphasize individual)
Conclusion - Jones

Question 12

Topic 8a: Feminist approaches to crime and deviance

Answer 12

intro - Most feminists share the assumption that women are disadvantaged in comparison with men
Conclusion - Liberal feminism

Question 13

Topic 8b: Gender and patterns of crime

Answer 13

intro - In 2006, 1.42 million offenders were sentenced for criminal offences in England and Wales
Conclusion - Katz, postmodernist

Question 14

Topic 8c: Victimisation

Answer 14

intro - risk of being a victim of violent crime was 3.2 per cent (CSEW/BCS)
Conclusion - Victim surveys and ethnicity - British Crime Survey (CSEW)
Feminist victimisation explanations - Trangressive (introduced by smart), Domestic violence, Dworkin

Question 15

Topic 9a: Measuring crime and deviance: official statistics

Answer 15

intro - records of official agencies every 6 months

Conclusion - Marxists are very critical of the OCS

Question 16

Topic 9b: Victim Surveys

Answer 16

intro - asked which offences have been committed against them over a certain period of time
Conclusion - don’t commit crime - why? victimization, 16 and over

Question 17

Topic 9c: Self-report studies

Answer 17

intro - asked how often they commit illegal acts and their social characteristics
Conclusion - The problem of categorization and relevance, white collar crime

Question 18

Topic 10: Ethnicity and crime

Answer 18

intro - disproportionate involvement of young males of African-Caribbean origin
Conclusion - sentencing

Question 19

Topic 11: Crime and locality

Answer 19

intro - Rural areas tend to contain relatively close-knit communities
Conclusion - Hobbs and Lister - the ‘nocturnal economy’