1-5 Flashcards
stage fright
anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience
adrenaline
a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress
positive nervousness
controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation
visualization
mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation
critical thinking
focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion
speaker
the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener
message
whatever a speaker communicates to someone else
channel
the means by which a message is communicated
listener
the person who receives the speaker’s message
frame of reference
the sum of a person’s knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. no two people can have exactly the same frame of reference
feedback
the message, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker
interference
anything that impedes the communication of a message, can be internal or external
situation
the time and place in which speech communication occurs
ethnocentrism
the belief that one’s own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures
ethics
the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
ethical decisions
sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential douse of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines
name-calling
the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups
Bill of Rights
the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution
plagiarism
presenting another person’s language or ideas as owns own
global plagiarism
stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as ones own
patchwork plagiarism
stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them of as one’s own
incremental plagiarism
failing to give credit particular parts of a speech that are borrowing from other people
paraphrase
to restate or summarize an author’s ideas in one’s own words
hearing
the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain
listening
paying close attention to and making sense of what we hear
appreciative listening
listening for pleasure or enjoyment
empathetic listening
listening to provide emotional support for a speaker
comprehensive listening
listening to understand the message of a speaker
critical listening
listening to evaluate a message for purposed of accepting or rejecting it
spare “brain time”
the difference between the rate of which most people talk and the rate at which the brain can process language
active listening
giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker’s point of view
key-word outline
an outline that briefly notes a speaker’s main point and supporting evidence in rough outline form
ice breaker speech
a speech early in a term designed to get students speaking in front of the class as soon as possible
introduction
the opening section of a speech
body
the main section of a speech
chronological order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
topical order
a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into local and consistent subtopics
main points
the major points developed int he body of a speech
transition
a word or phrase that indicated when a speaker has finished one throughout and is moving on to another
conclusion
the final sections of a speech
extemporaneous speech
a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
gestures
motions of a speaker’s hands or arms during a speech
eye contact
direct visual contact with the eyes of another person
topic
the subject of a speech
brainstorming
a method of generating ideas for speech topics by the free association of words and ideas
general purpose
the broad goal of a speech
specific purpose
a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech
central idea
a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech
residual message
what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech
audience-centerdness
keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation
identification
a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals and experiences
egocentrism
the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being
demographic audience analysis
audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background
stereotyping
creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike
situational audience analysis
audience analysis that focuses on situational factors, such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker and the occasion
attitude
a frame of mind in favor of out opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc
fixed-alternative questions
questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives
scale questions
questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers
open-ended questions
questions that allow respondents to answer however they want
