1-5 Flashcards
vestibular sense
movement, balance, and body position
proprioceptive sense
location of body parts relative to the ground and one another
Kinesthetic sense
body movement
According to sensory conflict theory, what causes motion sickness
Conflict between information from eyes and information from vestibular organs
Contrast the two types of vestibular organs.
Otolith organs: Tiny sacs found just above cochlea that contain gelatin-like fluid with tiny crystals suspended within; movement of the head causes the fluid to vibrate, stimulating receptors on inner surface of the sac
- Detect movement forward, back, sideways, up, or down
- Semicircular canals: circular tubes filled with fluid, which will stimulate receptors when rotated.
- Detect rotation
How can pain be reduced
Laughter, distraction, a sense of control, competing signals from other skin senses, endorphins, morphine
Despite her soft and cuddly appearance, Wrinkles was a pretty fierce bulldog. Imagine you met Wrinkles on the sidewalk when she was in one of her “moods,” and she lashed out at you and bit your hand. Describe the process by which you would sense the pain (gate-control theory).
Stimulation of pain receptor cells release a chemical called substance P in spinal cord, which activates other neurons, which in turn send their message through spinal gates (opened by the pain signal) and up to the brain
Contrast visceral pain and somatic pain.
Visceral pain: pain in the organs
Somatic pain: pain in the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints
How can hearing impairments be treated?
- Conduction hearing impairment: Hearing aids
- Nerve hearing impairment: Cochlear implant (device that sends signals from a microphone worn behind the ear to a sound processor worn outside the body, which translates the signals into electrical stimuli that are transmitted to a series of electrodes implanted in the brain, stimulating the auditory nerve. The brain processes the electrode information as sound.
what causes hearning impairment?
Conduction hearing impairment: Damage to the ear drum or damage to the bones of the middle ear (often caused by ear infections)
Contrast the two theories of pitch.
1.Place Theory: the pitch a person hears depends on where on the organ of Corti the stimulated cells are located; works for pitches above 1000 Hz
- Frequency Theory: the pitch a person hears depends on how fast the basilar membrane vibrates; works for pitches below 1000 Hz
- Volley Principle: groups of neurons take turns firing (volleying) in sending message to brain; works for pitches 400-4000 Hz
Explain the process by which you sense sound.
sound is funneled into the ear by pinna travel through the auditory canal to the eardrum. This causes the eardrum to vibrate, which in turn causes the hammer, anvil, and stirrup to vibrate. The oval window, covering the entrance to the inner ear, then vibrates, causing the fluid in the cochlea to vibrate and the basilar membrane to vibrate. This, in turn, causes the organ of Corti to vibrate and the hair cells (sound receptors) embedded within the organ of Corti to bend up against the membrane above it. This bending triggers the hair cells to send a neural message through the auditory nerve and into the brain.
what is sound
Vibrations of the molecules of air that surround us
auditory nerve
Transmits neural signal from receptor cells to brain
Organ of Corti
Contains receptor cells (hair cells), which bend in response to vibration and trigger a neural message to be sent through the auditory nerve
Hammer, anvil, and stirrup
Vibrate in response to sound, amplifying the vibration from the eardrum; the stirrup causes the oval window to vibrate
Auditory canal
Directs sounds waves to the eardrum
Pinna
Funnels sound waves from outside into the structure of the ear
What causes color blindness?
Color blindness is caused by having no cones or having dysfunctional cones.
contrast the two theories of colour vision
Trichromatic theory:
3 types of cones: red, blue, and green
Different shades of colors correspond to different amounts of light received by each of these three types of cones and rate at which each are firing
Opponent-process theory:
4 types of cones: red, green, blue, yellow; arranged in red-green and blue-yellow pairs
If one member of pair is working, the other cannot be. When one member tires out (from looking), the other member becomes disinhibited
Explains afterimage effect
vestibular sense
movement, balance, and body position
proprioceptive sense
location of body parts relative to the ground and one another
Kinesthetic sense
body movement
According to sensory conflict theory, what causes motion sickness
Conflict between information from eyes and information from vestibular organs
Contrast the two types of vestibular organs.
- Otolith organs: Tiny sacs found just above cochlea that contain gelatin-like fluid with tiny crystals suspended within; movement of the head causes the fluid to vibrate, stimulating receptors on inner surface of the sac
- Detect movement forward, back, sideways, up, or down
- Semicircular canals: circular tubes filled with fluid, which will stimulate receptors when rotated.
- Detect rotation
According to sensory conflict theory, what causes motion sickness
Conflict between information from eyes and information from vestibular organs
How can pain be reduced
Laughter, distraction, a sense of control, competing signals from other skin senses, endorphins, morphine
Describe the process by which you would sense the pain (gate-control theory).
Stimulation of pain receptor cells release a chemical called substance P in spinal cord, which activates other neurons, which in turn send their message through spinal gates (opened by the pain signal) and up to the brain
Contrast visceral pain and somatic pain.
Visceral pain: pain in the organs
Somatic pain: pain in the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints
How can hearing impairments be treated?
- Conduction hearing impairment: Hearing aids
- Nerve hearing impairment: Cochlear implant (device that sends signals from a microphone worn behind the ear to a sound processor worn outside the body, which translates the signals into electrical stimuli that are transmitted to a series of electrodes implanted in the brain, stimulating the auditory nerve. The brain processes the electrode information as sound.
what causes hearing impairment?
1.Conduction hearing impairment: Damage to the ear drum or damage to the bones of the middle ear (often caused by ear infections)
- Nerve hearing impairment: Damage to the inner ear, auditory pathways or cortical areas of the brain
Contrast the two theories of pitch.
- Place Theory: the pitch a person hears depends on where on the organ of Corti the stimulated cells are located; works for pitches above 1000 Hz
- Frequency Theory: the pitch a person hears depends on how fast the basilar membrane vibrates; works for pitches below 1000 Hz
- Volley Principle: groups of neurons take turns firing (volleying) in sending message to brain; works for pitches 400-4000 Hz
Explain the process by which you sense sound.
sound is funneled into the ear by pinna travel through the auditory canal to the eardrum. This causes the eardrum to vibrate, which in turn causes the hammer, anvil, and stirrup to vibrate. The oval window, covering the entrance to the inner ear, then vibrates, causing the fluid in the cochlea to vibrate and the basilar membrane to vibrate. This, in turn, causes the organ of Corti to vibrate and the hair cells (sound receptors) embedded within the organ of Corti to bend up against the membrane above it. This bending triggers the hair cells to send a neural message through the auditory nerve and into the brain.
what is sound
Vibrations of the molecules of air that surround us
Auditory nerve
Transmits neural signal from receptor cells to brain
Organ of Corti
Contains receptor cells (hair cells), which bend in response to vibration and trigger a neural message to be sent through the auditory nerve
Hammer, anvil, and stirrup
Vibrate in response to sound, amplifying the vibration from the eardrum; the stirrup causes the oval window to vibrate
Auditory canal
Directs sounds waves to the eardrum
Pinna
Funnels sound waves from outside into the structure of the ear
What causes color blindness?
Color blindness is caused by having no cones or having dysfunctional cones.
rods vs cones similarities and differences
Similarities:
Located within retina
Responsible for transforming photons of light into neural impulses
Differences:
Rods are not located in center of retina; cones are located in center of retina
Rods are not sensitive to changes in wavelength (i.e., not color-sensitive); cones are sensitive to changes in wavelength (responsible for color vision)
Rods are associated with poor visual acuity; cones are associated with high visual acuity
Rods can function in darker light; cones require brighter light
Rods are associated with dark adaptation, cones are associated with light adaptation
explain the process by which you can see an object
Light reflected off of the object enters the eye through the cornea, which focuses it, and passes through the aqueous humor. It then passes into the interior of the eye through the pupil, the size of which is controlled by a muscle called the iris. The light is then focused further by the lens and passes through fluid before entering the retina. Within the retina, photoreceptors receive the photons of light and turn them into neural signals, which are transmitted through bipolar cells (cells that connect the photoreceptors to the optic nerve cells) to the ganglion cells, the axons of which form the optic nerve. The optic nerve transmits the neural signal to the brain.
What is light? Describe the three aspects of our perception of light.
Light consists of tiny packets of waves called photons that vary in
1. brightness (according to wave amplitude),
2. color (according to wave length),
3. saturation (purity of the color seen).
Aqueous humor
Supplies nourishment to the eye
optic nerve
Sends visual information to the brain
retina
Contains photoreceptor cells which receive photons and turn them into neural signals
Lens
helps focus on objects (through visual accommodation)
Pupil
Allows light to enter the retina
iris
Changes the size of the pupil, affecting the amount of light let into eye and helping to focus image
cornea
Protects the eye and focuses light coming into eye
Behavior resistant to conditioning
tendency for an animals behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns
Negative punishment
taking something away to reduce likelihood of certain behavior: taking away driving license
Positive punishment
adding negative stimuli to reduce likelihood of behavior: booing, hitting
shaping/Successive approximation
small steps in behavior one after another that leads to a particular goal behavior.
reinforcement of simple steps in behaviors that lead to a desired more complex behavior
For example teaching diana to roll over.
Reward when she lies down
Then reward when she lies and then gets on side
Then reward when she gets on back
Reward when she fully rolls over
Schedules of reinforcement
ratio schedules: depends on a no. of times the target behavior is correctly performed
Fixed ratio schedule: always same amt of occurrences between reinforcements
Variable ratio schedule: different number of occurrences between reinforcements
Interval schedule: depend on amt of time that has passed
Fixed interval schedule; always same amt of time passed between reinforcement
Variable interval schedule: different amt of time passed between reinforcement
How is reinforcement administered?
continuous reinforcement: reinforcement of behavior every time a behavior is performed correctly
Partial reinforcement: a conditioning process in which a behavior or response is reinforced only a portion of the time, rather than every time it occurs.
Negative reinforcement
reinforcement of a behavior by escape/avoidance of an undesirable consequence
positive reinforcement
rewarding behavior by adding something desirable
reinforcement
following a behavior increases likelihood that a certain behavior will occur again.
operant conditioning
learning of voluntary behavior
