1 Flashcards by Miranda Holder

9 essential amino acids

histadine
isoleucine
leucine
methionine
phenylalanine
threonine
tryptophan
valine
lysine

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Naturopathic principles

First do no harm
Find the cause
Doctor as teacher
Treat the whole person
Preventative medicine
Establish Wellness
Healing Power of Nature

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explain ‘first do no harm’

non-invasive methods preferred with no harmful side effects

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explain treat the cause

find and treat underlying cause of disease rather than surpressing symptoms

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explain doctor as teacher

educate empower patient, emphasise self-responsibility for health

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explain treat whole person

not just physical but emotional, environmental, lifestyle etc

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explain preventative medicine

prevent minor illnesses from becoming more serious chronic/degernerative diseases

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explain establish wellness

establish optimum health

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4 functions lipids explained

insulation - help maintain normal body temp
protection - cushions organs such as kidneys
absorption - req for absorption of lipid soluble nutrients
cell membranes - part of - for metabolism

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4 vitamers vit A - roles in body

Retinol - health of retina
Retinal - vision (rod/cone cells, reproduction)
Retinoic Acid - Growth & differentiation epithelial cells
Carotenes - antioxidants

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why careful not to supplement excessive Vit A

About 70-90% dietary retinol is absorbed
we only have a limited availability to metabolise vit A
Can lead up to accumulation in liver & other tissues
can cause toxicity and eventually haemorrhage
coma
death

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Why monitor vit A carefully in pregnancy

high intakes ass with birth defects

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how does selenium influence thyroid hormones 2

Selenoprotein Iodothyronine Deionidase helps T3>T4

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what is folate trap (3)

1 After absorption a methyl group is added to B9 to deliver it to all body cells
An enzyme req B12 ‘unlocks’ folate by removing the methyl group so it can function in the body
Without B12, B9 becomes trapped inside cells as 5-methyl THF.

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absorption process B12 (5)

bound to a protein - released by pepsin in stomach
then combines with R protein moves to duodenum
released from R protein in duodenum, binds to IF which is produced in the stomach
IF-B12 complex absorbed distal small intestine

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how much ATP created by 1 molecule glucose in presence/absence oxygen (2)

glycolysis makes - 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate

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which is active form B6 - pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxamine (1)

pyridoxal phosphate

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3 conditions low plasma sodium (3)

renal failure
vomiting
severe diarrhoea
anorexia
liver disease
cachexia

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2 way vit C food content lost/reduced

When it wilts/or is cut - release of ascorbate oxidase from the plant tissue
leaching into cooking water

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1 way you can retain vit C content of food

freeze it

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easy bruising
easy bleeding
low bone density def of

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3 diff types of K - 2 types/sources (4)

k1 - phylloquinone - leafy veg
k2 - menaquinone - made by intestinal bacteria
k3 - menadione - synthetic form

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2 ex how Vit D maintains blood calcium

increases by stimulating osteoclasts to release calcium from bones to blood and stems reabsorption in kidneys
decreases by stimulating osteoblasts to put calcium into bone and inhibits kidney/intestinal reabsorption

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2 food sources high in selenium

brazil nuts
buckwheat
brown rice

what determines selenium levels in plant foods

selenium content of soil in which they have been grown

how many calories per gram of fat, carb, protein, alcohol

fat - 9 carbs/protein - 4 alcohol - 7

what is RMR

resting metabolic rate

do physically active people have higher/lower RMR

higher

is fructose turned more easily to fat than other sugars

yes

which top 2 vits would you recommend vegan to source from fortified foods and why (4)

B12 Vitamin D Iron

do all whole foods contain protein incl fruit

yes

which vitamin key for transamination amino acids

Is transamination of amino acids reversible

yes

what 2 factors influence protein quality - explain in details (6)

contain all essential amino acids to support growth, muscles etc are easily digestible/absorbable

what do vit C and meat fish poultry factor (MFP) have in common

both enhance absorption of non-heme iron if eaten at same time

which has higher GI - finely/coarsely milled flour

finely milled

finely/coarsely milled flour for diabetes?

coarse

yin or yang foods have greatest caloric value

yang

yin foods more warming or cooling

cooling

which seasons are yin foods more available

spring | summer

2 dietary factors that can bind to non-haem iron and limit its absorption

``` phytates oxalates polyphenols ^ calcium tannic acid egg ```

where is CCK released from | what feeling does it generate

mucosal epithelial cells in duodenum | full

4 symptoms of fe def anaemia commonly found in children

fatigue dyspnoea pale mucous membranes feeling faint

``` which feed into the citric acid cycle, choose 2 citrates malates ascorbates aspirates glycerinates picolinates lactate ```

Citrate | Malate

which B bit can be taken at night without aggravating insomnia

b6?

2 reasons why calcium supplements should not be taken with antacids

lower acidity of gut - HCL increases calcium absorption

in biochemistry what is catalyst

something that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy

technical term for when DNA is 'unzipped' | what happens next (2)

transcription | translation

difference between monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid

monounsaturated has 1 double covalent bond between two carbons in the carbon chain polyunsaturated has several

glycolysis produces pyruvate | what happens to pyruvate in presence and absence of oxygen

without oxygen NADH gives its H- to pyruvate and becomes NAD+ again - a redox reaction that turns pyruvate into lactic acid with oxygen, pyruvate enters mitochondria to be converted to acetyl CoA ready to enter kreb cycle

2 reasons electrolytes are important

conduct electricity - essential for nerve/muscle function exert osmotic pressure - important for water balance can act as buffers for pH

4 vitamers vit A

retinol retinal alpha-carotene bete-carotene

migraines are often helped by 400mg day of | B1/B2/B3

calcium tightly regulated by which 3 substances in body

vit D parathyroid hormone Calcitonin

sodium, potassium, chloride - which is most of uk deficient in and why (2)

potassium - due to ^ salt content of western diet which decreases potassium absorption high salt content means plenty of sodium & chloride!

manganese competes for iron absorption true/false

true

chromium uses same transport protein as iron true false

true

symptoms - PMS, fluid retention, acne, oily face, fatigue, poor immunity- which B bit would you prescribe

2 ways prostaglandins series 2 affect body

inflammation blood clotting swelling