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Nutrition 1 exam cramming > 1 > Flashcards

1 Flashcards

1
Q

9 essential amino acids

A 
histadine
isoleucine
leucine
methionine
phenylalanine
threonine
tryptophan
valine
lysine
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2
Q

Naturopathic principles

A 
First do no harm
Find the cause
Doctor as teacher
Treat the whole person
Preventative medicine
Establish Wellness
Healing Power of Nature
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3
Q

explain ‘first do no harm’

A

non-invasive methods preferred with no harmful side effects

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4
Q

explain treat the cause

A

find and treat underlying cause of disease rather than surpressing symptoms

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5
Q

explain doctor as teacher

A

educate empower patient, emphasise self-responsibility for health

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6
Q

explain treat whole person

A

not just physical but emotional, environmental, lifestyle etc

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7
Q

explain preventative medicine

A

prevent minor illnesses from becoming more serious chronic/degernerative diseases

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8
Q

explain establish wellness

A

establish optimum health

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9
Q

4 functions lipids explained

A

insulation - help maintain normal body temp
protection - cushions organs such as kidneys
absorption - req for absorption of lipid soluble nutrients
cell membranes - part of - for metabolism

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10
Q

4 vitamers vit A - roles in body

A

Retinol - health of retina
Retinal - vision (rod/cone cells, reproduction)
Retinoic Acid - Growth & differentiation epithelial cells
Carotenes - antioxidants

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11
Q

why careful not to supplement excessive Vit A

A

About 70-90% dietary retinol is absorbed
we only have a limited availability to metabolise vit A
Can lead up to accumulation in liver & other tissues
can cause toxicity and eventually haemorrhage
coma
death

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12
Q

Why monitor vit A carefully in pregnancy

A

high intakes ass with birth defects

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13
Q

how does selenium influence thyroid hormones 2

A

Selenoprotein Iodothyronine Deionidase helps T3>T4

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14
Q

what is folate trap (3)

A

1 After absorption a methyl group is added to B9 to deliver it to all body cells
An enzyme req B12 ‘unlocks’ folate by removing the methyl group so it can function in the body
Without B12, B9 becomes trapped inside cells as 5-methyl THF.

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15
Q

absorption process B12 (5)

A

bound to a protein - released by pepsin in stomach
then combines with R protein moves to duodenum
released from R protein in duodenum, binds to IF which is produced in the stomach
IF-B12 complex absorbed distal small intestine

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16
Q

how much ATP created by 1 molecule glucose in presence/absence oxygen (2)

A

glycolysis makes - 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate

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17
Q

which is active form B6 - pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxamine (1)

A

pyridoxal phosphate

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18
Q

3 conditions low plasma sodium (3)

A 
renal failure
vomiting
severe diarrhoea
anorexia
liver disease
cachexia
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19
Q

2 way vit C food content lost/reduced

A

When it wilts/or is cut - release of ascorbate oxidase from the plant tissue
leaching into cooking water

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20
Q

1 way you can retain vit C content of food

A

freeze it

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21
Q

easy bruising
easy bleeding
low bone density def of

A

k

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22
Q

3 diff types of K - 2 types/sources (4)

A

k1 - phylloquinone - leafy veg
k2 - menaquinone - made by intestinal bacteria
k3 - menadione - synthetic form

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23
Q

2 ex how Vit D maintains blood calcium

A

increases by stimulating osteoclasts to release calcium from bones to blood and stems reabsorption in kidneys
decreases by stimulating osteoblasts to put calcium into bone and inhibits kidney/intestinal reabsorption

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24
Q

2 food sources high in selenium

A

brazil nuts
buckwheat
brown rice

25
Q

what determines selenium levels in plant foods

A

selenium content of soil in which they have been grown

26
Q

how many calories per gram of fat, carb, protein, alcohol

A

fat - 9
carbs/protein - 4
alcohol - 7

27
Q

what is RMR

A

resting metabolic rate

28
Q

do physically active people have higher/lower RMR

A

higher

29
Q

is fructose turned more easily to fat than other sugars

A

yes

30
Q

which top 2 vits would you recommend vegan to source from fortified foods and why (4)

A

B12
Vitamin D
Iron

31
Q

do all whole foods contain protein incl fruit

A

yes

32
Q

which vitamin key for transamination amino acids

A

B6

33
Q

Is transamination of amino acids reversible

A

yes

34
Q

what 2 factors influence protein quality - explain in details (6)

A

contain all essential amino acids to support growth, muscles etc
are easily digestible/absorbable

35
Q

what do vit C and meat fish poultry factor (MFP) have in common

A

both enhance absorption of non-heme iron if eaten at same time

36
Q

which has higher GI - finely/coarsely milled flour

A

finely milled

37
Q

finely/coarsely milled flour for diabetes?

A

coarse

38
Q

yin or yang foods have greatest caloric value

A

yang

39
Q

yin foods more warming or cooling

A

cooling

40
Q

which seasons are yin foods more available

A

spring

summer

41
Q

2 dietary factors that can bind to non-haem iron and limit its absorption

A 
phytates
oxalates
polyphenols
^ calcium
tannic acid
egg
42
Q

where is CCK released from

what feeling does it generate

A

mucosal epithelial cells in duodenum

full

43
Q

4 symptoms of fe def anaemia commonly found in children

A

fatigue
dyspnoea
pale mucous membranes
feeling faint

44
Q 
which feed into the citric acid cycle, choose 2
citrates
malates
ascorbates
aspirates
glycerinates
picolinates
lactate
A

Citrate

Malate

45
Q

which B bit can be taken at night without aggravating insomnia

A

b6?

46
Q

2 reasons why calcium supplements should not be taken with antacids

A

lower acidity of gut - HCL increases calcium absorption

47
Q

in biochemistry what is catalyst

A

something that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy

48
Q

technical term for when DNA is ‘unzipped’

what happens next (2)

A

transcription

translation

49
Q

difference between monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid

A

monounsaturated has 1 double covalent bond between two carbons in the carbon chain
polyunsaturated has several

50
Q

glycolysis produces pyruvate

what happens to pyruvate in presence and absence of oxygen

A

without oxygen NADH gives its H- to pyruvate and becomes NAD+ again - a redox reaction that turns pyruvate into lactic acid
with oxygen, pyruvate enters mitochondria to be converted to acetyl CoA ready to enter kreb cycle

51
Q

2 reasons electrolytes are important

A

conduct electricity - essential for nerve/muscle function
exert osmotic pressure - important for water balance
can act as buffers for pH

52
Q

4 vitamers vit A

A

retinol
retinal
alpha-carotene
bete-carotene

53
Q

migraines are often helped by 400mg day of

B1/B2/B3

A

B2

54
Q

calcium tightly regulated by which 3 substances in body

A

vit D
parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin

55
Q

sodium, potassium, chloride - which is most of uk deficient in and why (2)

A

potassium - due to ^ salt content of western diet which decreases potassium absorption
high salt content means plenty of sodium & chloride!

56
Q

manganese competes for iron absorption true/false

A

true

57
Q

chromium uses same transport protein as iron true false

A

true

58
Q

symptoms - PMS, fluid retention, acne, oily face, fatigue, poor immunity- which B bit would you prescribe

A

B6

59
Q

2 ways prostaglandins series 2 affect body

A

inflammation
blood clotting
swelling

Nutrition 1 exam cramming (1 decks)

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