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Question 1

What leakage enzymes can be measured in the blood indicating muscle disease?

Answer 1

• Creatinine kinase
• Asparate amino transferase
• lactate dehydrogenase
• Alanine aminotransferase

Question 2

What colour would muscle with eosinophilic inflammation be?

Answer 2

Green

Question 3

What are some causes of atrophy?

Answer 3

Denervation - common, rapid and marked.  eg. equine laryngeal hemiplasia
Disuse eg severe lameness
Malnutrition and cahexia
endocrine disorders
Congenital

Question 4

What causes white muscle disease?

Answer 4

Selenium and vitamin E deficiency

Question 5

What toxins can cause myopathies?

Answer 5

Ionophores in horses, plant toxins such as gossypol

Question 6

What is malignant hyperthermia?

Answer 6

"Porcine stress syndrome"
unregulated Ca++ release = contraction
triggered by halothane/stress
high body temp = fatal
soft, pale, exudative pork

Question 7

Why the hyperadrencorticoid/hypothyroid dogs have pot bellies?

Answer 7

Abdominal muscle atropy

Question 8

How does botulism cause paralysis?

Answer 8

irreversible Ach release blockage

Question 9

How does Ixodes holocyclus cause paralysis?

Answer 9

reversibly blocks Ach release

Antitoxin very effective

Question 10

What is Myasthenia gravis?

Answer 10

Immune mediated inactivation of Ach receptors

Question 11

What is osteopaenia?

Answer 11

Decrease bone density

increased resorption, decreased bone formation

Question 12

What is osteosclerosis?

Answer 12

Increased bone density

response to increased mechanical stress

Question 13

What is pannus?

Answer 13

fibrovascular tissue, may fuse joints (ankylosis)

Question 14

What is osteochondrosis?

Answer 14

A failure/delay in endochondral ossification and retention of cartilage (especially cores). Caused by lesions in growth cartilage in young animals and is common in animals bred and fed to grow quickly. May cause secondary haemorrhage and necrosis.

Question 15

What is osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD)?

Answer 15

Secondary to osteochondrosis where the retained cartilage becomes a flap and possibly breaks off. It is often painful, non-healing and develops into degenerative joint disease.

Question 16

What is cervical vertebral myelopathy? What are the two types

Answer 16

Stenosis of cervical vertebrae causing compression of the spinal chord and “wobbler” syndrome
Static = always present, Dynamic = present upon flexion

Question 17

What is hip dysplasia?

Answer 17

Shallow acetablulae causing instability of the hip joint and chronic subluxation (partial dislocation). Often progresses to severe secondary degenerative joint disease. Especially large breed dogs.

Question 18

What is osteopetrosis?

Answer 18

Failure of osteoclasts to reabsorb and shape primary trabeculae leading to increased bone density (osteosclerosis) and no medullary cavity

Question 19

What is osteogensis imperfecta?

Answer 19

A genetic defect in collagen production causing a decrease in bone density (osteopaenia)

Question 20

What causes fibrous osteodystrophy?

Answer 20

hyperparathyroidism causes increased resorption of Ca++ from the bone and the bone mass is replaced by fibrous tissue. Maybe primary, secondary nutrition or secondary renal.

Question 21

What vitamins can cause problems with bones?

Answer 21

Vitamin D - increased calcium absorption from the GIT hence decreased bone resorption which causes osteosclerosis and soft tissue mineralisation
Vitamin A - Causes premature closure of growth plates. Sweet potatoes and liver are sources.