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AP Statistics > 1 > Flashcards

1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Statistics(textbook)?

A

The science of collecting, organization, summarizing, analyzing, and making inferences from data.

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2
Q

What are the two major branches of statistics we will study this year?

A

Inferential and Descriptives

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3
Q

What is variability?

A

Differences…how things differ. There is variability everywhere…We all look different, have different preferences….Etc

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4
Q

What are Descriptive Stats?

A

Numbers and pictures that describe nature of a data set, provide info about data that is present.

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5
Q

What are Inferential Stats?

A

Making inferences…saying what is actually going on in the population, making predictions, using statistics to estimate parameters.

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6
Q

Compare descriptive to inferential.

A

Descriptive seeks to tell u about what is in the data at hand, inferential reaches out to the world at large.

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7
Q

What is data?

A

Any collected information. Generally each little measurement.

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8
Q

What is a population?

A

The group you are interested in. Sometimes it’s big, like “all teenagers in U.S. “Other times it is small like “ Mr littlefield’s fifth period class”. You calculate parameters from populations.

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9
Q

Comparable population to sample.

A

Population are generally and samples are small subsets of there population. We talk samples to make an inference about what we think is true on the population. We use statistics to estimate parameters.

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10
Q

What is a parameter?

A

A numerical summary of a population. Like a mean, median, range… of a population.

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11
Q

What is a statistic?

A

A numerical summary of a population. Like a mean, median, range… of a sample.

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12
Q

What is a sample?

A

A subset of a population, often taken to make inferences about the population.

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13
Q

What is statistics(Nystrom’s def)?

A

The study of variability.

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14
Q

We are curious about the average wait time at a Dunkin Donuts drive through in your neighborhood. You randomly sample cars one afternoon and find the average wait time is 3.2 minutes. What is the pop ulation parameter? What is the statistic? What is the parameter of interest? What is the data?

A

The parameter is the true ave rage wait time at that Dunkin Donuts. This is a number you don’t have and will never know. The statistic is “3.2 minutes .” I average of the data you collected.

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15
Q

Compare DATA STATISTIC PARAMETER using categorical example

A

Data are individual measures… like meal preference: “taco, taco, pasta, taco, burger, burger, taco”… Statistics and Parameters are summaries. A statistic would be “42% of sample preferred tacos” and a parameter would be “42% of population preferred tacos.”

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16
Q

Compare DATA-STATISTIC-PARAMETER using quantitative example.

A

Data are individual measures, like how long a person can hold their breath: “45 sec, 64 sec, 32 sec, 68 sec.” That is the raw data. Statistics and parameters are summaries like “the average breath holding time in the sample was 52.4 seconds” and a parameter would be “the average breath holding time in the population was 52.4 seconds”

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17
Q

What is a census?

A

Like a sample of the entire population, you get information from every member of the population.

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18
Q

Does a census make sense?

A

A census is ok for small populations (like Mr. Nystrom’s students) but impossible if you want to survey “all US teens”

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19
Q

What is the difference between a parameter and a statistic?

A

Both are a single number summarizing a large group of numbers…But pppp parameters come from pppp populations… sss statistics come from ssss statistics.

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20
Q

What is the difference between a sample and a census?

A

With a sample, you get information from a small part of the population. In a census, you get info from the entire population. You can get a parameter from a census, but only a statistic from a sample.

21
Q

What are random variables?

A

If you randomly choose people from a list, then their hair color, height, weight and any other data collected from them can be considered random variables.

22
Q

What is the difference between quantitative and categorical variables?

A

Quantitative variables are numerical measures, like height and IQ. Categorical are categories, like eye color and music preference.

23
Q

What is the difference between discrete and continuous variables?

A

Discrete can be counted, like “number of cars sold” they are generally integers (you wouldn’t sell 9.3 cars), while continuous would be something like weight of a mouse… 4.344 oz.

24
Q

What is a quantitative variable?

A

Quantitative variables are numeric like: Height, age, number of cars sold, SAT score.

25
Q

What is a categorical variable?

A

Qualitative variables are like categories: Blonde, Listens to Hip Hop, Female, yes, no… etc.

26
Q

What do we sometimes call a categorical variable?

A

Qualitative

27
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

The actual numbers gathered from each subject. 211 pounds. 67 beats per minute.

28
Q

What is categorical data?

A

The actual individual category from a subject, like “blue” or “female” or “sophomore”

29
Q

What is a random sample?

A

When you choose a sample by rolling dice, choosing names from a hat, or other REAL RANDOMLY generated sample. Humans can’t really do this well without the help of a calculator, cards, dice, or slips of paper.

30
Q

What is frequency?

A

How often something comes up.

31
Q

data or datum?

A

datum is singular.. Like “hey dude, come see this datum I got from this rat!” data is the plural.. “hey look at all that data Edgar got from those chipmunks over there!!”

32
Q

What is a frequency distribution?

A

A table, or a chart, that shows how often certain values or categories occur in a data set.

33
Q

What is meant by relative frequency?

A

The PERCENT of time something comes up (frequency/total)

34
Q

How do you find relative frequency?

A

just divide frequency by TOTAL….

35
Q

What is meant by cumulative frequency?

A

ADD up the frequencies as you go. Suppose you are selling 25 pieces of candy. You sell 10 the first hour, 5 the second, 3 the third and 7 in the last hour, the cumulative frequency would be 10, 15, 18, 25

36
Q

What is the difference between a bar chart and a histogram

A

bar charts are for categorical data (bars don’t touch) and histograms are for quantitative data (bars touch)

37
Q

What is the mean?

A

the old average we used to calculate. It is the balancing point of the histogram

38
Q

What is the difference between a population mean and a sample mean?

A

population mean is the mean of a population, it is a parameter, sample mean is a mean of a sample, so it is a statistic. We use sample statistics to make inferences about population parameters

39
Q

What symbols do we use for population mean and sample mean？

A

Mu for population mean (parameter), x-bar ̅ for sample mean (statistic)

40
Q

How can you think about the mean and median to remember the difference when looking at a histogram?

A

mean is balancing point of histogram, median splits the area of the histogram in half.

41
Q

What is the median?

A

the middlest number, it splits area in half (always in the POSITION (n+1)/2 )

42
Q

What is the mode?

A

the most common, or the peaks of a histogram. We often use mode with categorical data

43
Q

When do we often use mode?

A

With categorical variables. For instance, to describe the average teenagers preference, we often speak of what “most” students chose, which is the mode. It is also tells the number of bumps in a histogram for quantitative data (unimodal, bimodal, etc…).

44
Q

Why don’t we always use the mean, we’ve been calculating it all of our life ?

A

It is not RESILIENT, it is impacted by skewness and outliers

45
Q

When we say “the average teenager” are we talking about mean, median or mode?

A

It depends, if we are talking height, it might be the mean, if we are talking about parental income, we’d probably use the median, if we were talking about music preference, we’d probably use the mode to talk about the average teenager.

46
Q

How are mean, median and mode positioned in a skewed left histogram?

A

goes in that order from left to right. Mean-median-mode

47
Q

How are mean, median and mode positioned in a skewed right histogram?

A

goes in the opposite order.. Mode-median-mean

48
Q

Who chases the tail?

A

The mean chases the tail, the mean chases the tail, high-ho the derry-oh the mean chases the tail… and outliers…….

AP Statistics (1 decks)

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