1-4 Study Guide Flashcards
What is the etiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?
Autoimmune disease with unknown cause
SLE is characterized by the body’s immune system attacking its own tissues.
List three typical signs and symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA).
- Joint pain
- Swelling
- Stiffness
RA primarily affects joints and can lead to joint damage if untreated.
What is a common diagnostic test for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID)?
Newborn screening for T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC)
Early detection is crucial for effective treatment.
What are two possible treatments for Selective IgA Deficiency?
- Immunoglobulin replacement therapy
- Antibiotics for infections
Treatments focus on managing infections and boosting immunity.
Fill in the blank: DiGeorge Syndrome is characterized by a _______ in the thymus gland.
[hypoplasia]
What is a key sign of HIV infection?
Opportunistic infections
These occur due to the weakened immune system.
What are the two types of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)?
- B-cell ALL
- T-cell ALL
Classification is based on the type of lymphocyte involved.
True or False: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the rapid proliferation of immature B cells.
False
CLL involves the accumulation of mature but dysfunctional B cells.
What distinguishes Hodgkin’s Lymphoma from Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?
Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells
These cells are characteristic of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.
What is a common symptom of anemia?
Fatigue
Anemia leads to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues.
Fill in the blank: Hemolytic Anemia is caused by the _______ of red blood cells.
[destruction]
What is the primary cause of Sickle Cell Anemia?
Genetic mutation in hemoglobin
This mutation causes red blood cells to assume a sickle shape.
What condition is characterized by the destruction of red blood cells in newborns?
Hemolytic Disease of a Newborn
Often occurs due to Rh incompatibility.
What is a common cause of Iron-Deficiency Anemia?
Insufficient iron intake
Can also result from blood loss or absorption issues.
What is the primary treatment for Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)?
Corticosteroids
These help to reduce immune system activity.
What is Hemophilia?
A genetic disorder affecting blood clotting
It is often due to a deficiency in clotting factors.
What is one common symptom of Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome?
Acute kidney failure
It often follows a gastrointestinal infection.
What is the definition of Hyperlipidemia?
Elevated levels of lipids in the blood
It is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.
What are two risk factors for Hypertension?
- Obesity
- High salt intake
Lifestyle factors play a significant role in hypertension.
What is Atherosclerosis?
Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to plaque buildup
It can lead to serious cardiovascular conditions.
Fill in the blank: An aneurysm is an abnormal _______ of a blood vessel.
[dilation]
What is Kawasaki Disease?
A condition that causes inflammation in blood vessels
It primarily affects children and can lead to heart complications.
What are the four types of hypersensitivity disorders?
- Type I: Immediate hypersensitivity
- Type II: Antibody-mediated cytotoxicity
- Type III: Immune complex-mediated
- Type IV: Delayed-type hypersensitivity
Each type has distinct mechanisms and clinical manifestations.
Define Immunodeficiency.
A condition where the immune system’s ability to fight infections is compromised
Can be congenital or acquired.
What is Autoimmunity?
A condition where the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues
It leads to various autoimmune diseases.
Fill in the blank: Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially _______ allergic reaction.
[life-threatening]
What does Leukocytosis indicate?
An increase in white blood cell count
Often a response to infection or inflammation.
What is the meaning of Leukopenia?
A decrease in white blood cell count
It can increase the risk of infections.
What is Neutrophilia?
An increased number of neutrophils in the blood
It typically indicates an acute infection.
What are hematologic neoplasms?
Cancers that affect blood cells, including leukemia and lymphoma
These conditions disrupt normal hematopoiesis.
What is the Complete Blood Count (CBC)?
A blood test that measures various parameters of blood cells
It helps diagnose many conditions, including anemia and infections.
What does Hemostasis refer to?
The process of blood clotting and stopping bleeding
It is crucial for wound healing.
What is Thrombocytopenia?
A decrease in the number of platelets in the blood
It can lead to increased bleeding risk.
What causes Atherosclerosis?
Buildup of plaques in the arteries
Risk factors include high cholesterol, smoking, and hypertension.
What is the definition of Etiology?
The study of the cause or origin of a disease.
Etiology examines the factors that lead to the development of a disease.
What does Histology refer to?
The study of the microscopic structure of tissues.
Histology is crucial for understanding the organization and function of different tissue types.
What is a Biopsy?
A procedure to remove a sample of tissue for examination.
Biopsies are often performed to diagnose cancer or other diseases.
Define Pathognomic Changes.
Changes in tissues that are characteristic of a particular disease.
Pathognomic changes help in identifying specific diseases based on observed symptoms.
What is Atrophy?
The decrease in size or wasting away of a body part or tissue.
Atrophy can result from lack of use, disuse, or disease.
Define Hypertrophy.
The increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its cells.
Hypertrophy often occurs in muscles as a response to increased workload.
What is Hyperplasia?
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.
Hyperplasia can be a normal response to a stimulus or a pathological condition.
Define Metaplasia.
The reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.
Metaplasia often occurs in response to chronic irritation or inflammation.
What does Dysplasia mean?
The abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs.
Dysplasia can be a precursor to cancer.
Define Neoplasia.
The process of new, uncontrolled growth of cells, which can be benign or malignant.
Neoplasia is commonly associated with cancer.
What is Hypoxia?
A deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues.
Hypoxia can lead to tissue damage and is a critical factor in various diseases.
Define Apoptosis.
The process of programmed cell death.
Apoptosis is a normal part of development and homeostasis.
What does Necrosis refer to?
The death of cells or tissues through injury or disease.
Necrosis is often associated with inflammation and can lead to significant tissue damage.
What is Infarction?
The obstruction of blood supply to an organ or tissue, causing cell death.
Infarction can lead to serious conditions like heart attacks or strokes.
Define Gangrene.
The death of body tissue due to a lack of blood flow or a serious bacterial infection.
Gangrene often affects the extremities and can require surgical intervention.
What are the signs and symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis?
Chronic cough, lung infections, difficulty breathing, and digestive problems.
Cystic Fibrosis affects the lungs and digestive system primarily.
What type of genetic disorder is Tay Sachs Disease?
Autosomal recessive genetic disorder.
Tay Sachs is characterized by the absence of an enzyme needed to break down fatty substances in the brain.
What are the signs and symptoms of Down Syndrome?
Characterized by distinct facial features, developmental delays, and varying degrees of intellectual disability.
Down Syndrome is caused by an extra chromosome 21.
What is Acute inflammation?
A short-term inflammatory response to injury or infection.
Acute inflammation is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
Define Purulent exudate.
A thick fluid containing pus, indicating infection.
Purulent exudate is often seen in abscesses.
What is an Abscess?
A localized collection of pus within a tissue.
Abscesses can be caused by bacterial infections.
What does Transudate refer to?
A clear fluid that seeps out of blood vessels due to pressure changes.
Transudate is typically non-inflammatory.
What is Effusion?
The escape of fluid into a body cavity.
Effusions can occur in joints, pleural spaces, or pericardial areas.
Define Leukocytosis.
An increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood.
Leukocytosis often indicates an infection or inflammatory response.
What is Chemotaxis?
The movement of cells toward a chemical stimulus.
Chemotaxis plays a crucial role in the immune response.
What are Cytokines?
Signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis.
Cytokines are produced by various cells, including immune cells.
What is Fibrinogen?
A plasma protein that is converted into fibrin during blood clotting.
Fibrinogen is crucial for wound healing and blood coagulation.
What are White Blood Cells?
Cells of the immune system that defend the body against infections.
Different types of white blood cells include lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes.
Define Pyrogens.
Substances that induce fever by acting on the hypothalamus.
Pyrogens are typically produced by bacteria or immune cells.
What is Lymphadenopathy?
Swelling of lymph nodes due to infection, inflammation, or malignancy.
Lymphadenopathy can indicate an underlying health issue.
What does Histamine do?
A chemical involved in local immune responses and regulation of physiological functions.
Histamine is released during allergic reactions and inflammatory responses.
Define Chronic inflammation.
A prolonged inflammatory response that can last for months or years.
Chronic inflammation can lead to tissue damage and diseases such as cancer.
What are the four phases of wound healing?
Hemostasis, Inflammation, Proliferation, and Maturation.
These phases are essential for proper wound repair.
What is Hemostasis?
The process of stopping bleeding, involving blood vessel constriction and clot formation.
Hemostasis is the first phase of wound healing.
Define Wound retraction.
The process by which the edges of a wound contract to reduce its size.
Wound retraction helps to close the wound as healing progresses.
What is Primary intention in wound healing?
Wound healing that occurs when the edges of a wound are brought together.
Primary intention usually results in minimal scarring.
Define Secondary intention.
Wound healing that occurs when the edges of a wound cannot be easily brought together.
Secondary intention often results in more scarring and takes longer to heal.
What is Tertiary intention?
Wound healing that occurs when a wound is left open for a period before being closed.
Tertiary intention is often used in contaminated wounds.
What does Eschar refer to?
A dry, dark scab or dead tissue that forms over a wound.
Eschar can impede healing and may require debridement.
Define Debridement.
The removal of dead, damaged, or infected tissue from a wound.
Debridement is crucial for promoting healing.
What is Wound dehiscence?
The reopening of a wound after it has been closed.
Wound dehiscence can occur due to infection or excessive tension on the wound.
Define Wound evisceration.
The protrusion of internal organs through a wound.
Wound evisceration is a serious complication that requires immediate medical attention.
What is a Keloid?
A raised scar that extends beyond the original wound site.
Keloids result from an overproduction of collagen during healing.
Define Contractures.
The permanent shortening of muscles or tendons, leading to restricted movement.
Contractures can result from burns or prolonged immobility.
What is Stricture?
An abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body.
Strictures can occur in various organs, including the esophagus and intestines.
Define Fistula.
An abnormal connection between two organs or vessels.
Fistulas can result from injury, surgery, or infection.
What is an Adhesion?
A band of scar tissue that forms between internal organs.
Adhesions can cause pain and may lead to complications in organ function.
What type of pathogen causes Staphylococcal Infections?
Bacteria.
Staphylococcal infections can cause a range of illnesses, from minor skin infections to severe diseases.
What are the signs and symptoms of Pneumonia Infections?
Cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
Pneumonia can be caused by various pathogens, including bacteria and viruses.
Define Bacterial Meningitis.
An infection of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency and can be life-threatening.
What is the type of pathogen for Herpes Simplex?
Virus.
Herpes Simplex can cause oral and genital infections.
What is Malaria caused by?
Parasite.
Malaria is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes and can be life-threatening.
