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As Chemistry (Year 1) > 1/2O-Intro To Organic And Alkanes > Flashcards

1/2O-Intro To Organic And Alkanes Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s a homologous series

A

Series of compounds containing the same functional group (atoms causing molecules to have similar chemical properties)
Gradual change in physical properties
Each member differs by CH2

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2
Q

What’s general formula

A

Algebraic formula for a homologous series

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3
Q

What’s structural formula

A

Shows arrangement of atoms in a molecule (structure around each carbon)

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4
Q

What’s displayed formula

A

Shows all the bonds and atoms present in a molecule

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5
Q

What’s skeletal formula

A

Organic formula contains carbon skeleton where each point represents a carbon.

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6
Q

IUPAC rules

A

Practise questions in purple booklet

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7
Q

IUPAC prefixes

A

2- di
3- tri
4- tetra
5- pent
6-hex

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8
Q

What’s the functional group of an alkane

A

CnH2n+2

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9
Q

What’s the functional group of alkenes

A

C=C

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10
Q

What’s the functional group of halo/halogeno alkanes

A

Has F,Cl,Br,I atom in it

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11
Q

What’s the functional group of an alcohol

A

-OH

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12
Q

What’s the functional group of an aldehyde

A

H-C=O
(Hydrogen bonded to carbon)

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13
Q

What’s the functional group of a ketone

A

C-C=O
(Carbon bonded to the rest of an alkane chain)

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14
Q

What’s the functional group of a carboxylic acid

A

C=O
|
OH

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15
Q

What’s an isomer

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of structural isomerism

A

Positional
Functional group
Chain

17
Q

What’s positional isomerism

A

Functional group is attached to main chain at different points
eg 1-chloropropane (chlorine on carbon 1)
And
2-chloropropane (chlorine in carbon 2)

18
Q

What’s functional group isomerism

A

A molecular formula could represent molecules with different functional groups
eg C2H6O could form an alcohol or an ether

19
Q

What’s chain isomerism

A

The hydrocarbon chain is arranged differently (branches)

20
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

Saturated

21
Q

What’s petroleum

A

Mixture consisting mainly of alkanes

22
Q

How can a mixture of hydrocarbons be separated and what does it form

A

Fractional distillation, fractions form depending on the boiling point of the hydrocarbons

23
Q

What’s cracking

A

Breaks C-C bonds in long alkane chains

24
Q

What are the conditions needed for thermal cracking

A

High pressure
High temps
Produces a high percentage of alkenes

25
Q

What are the conditions needed for catalytic cracking

A

Slight pressure
High temps
Zeolite catalyst
Produces motor fuel and aromatic hydrocarbons

26
Q

Why is it economical to crack hydrocarbons

A

Cracking produces shorter hydrocarbon chains which are more useful and in demand, this means demand can be met

27
Q

What are alkanes used for

A

Fuels

28
Q

How do alkanes and organic compounds combust

A

Completely and incompletely under high temperatures

29
Q

What do catalytic converters do

A

Remove nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon and unburned hydrocarbons from internal combustion engines

30
Q

What does the combustion of hydrocarbons containing sulphur produce

A

Sulphur dioxide causing air pollution

31
Q

How is sulphur dioxide removed from flue gases with calcium oxide or calcium carbonate

A

Calcium oxide/carbonate slurry and water sprayed into flue gas neutralising it forming calcium sulphite, oxidised into calcium sulphate (gypsum) to be used in plaster or plasterboard

32
Q

What’s a free radical

A

A reactive species which possesses and unpaired electron
Represented with a dot

33
Q

What are the steps of a free radical mechanism

A

Initiation, molecule turned into two radicals Br2 —> 2Br•
Propagation, molecule + radical (formed in initiation) —> radical + molecule, then radical (formed from eq above) + molecule —> radical + molecule
CH4 + Br• —>CH3• + HBr
CH3• + Br2 —> Br• + CH3Br
Termination, radical + radical —> molecule
Br• + Br• —> Br2
CH3• + CH3• —> C2H6
CH3• + Br• —> CH3Br

Practise Qs

34
Q

Conditions for free radical substitution

A

Initiation requires uv light

35
Q

What type of isomerism is E-Z and how does it occur

A

Stereoisomerism
Due to restricted rotation about the planar C=C double bond (found in alkenes)
Two different groups attached to each C atom

36
Q

What is stereoisomerism

A

Same structural formula but different spatial arrangement of atoms

37
Q

What are the priority rules when naming E-Z isomers

A

Look at each carbon, the atom attached to each carbon with the highest atomic number gets circled
If these molecules are on the same side they are [Z]
If they are on opposite sides they are [E]

As Chemistry (Year 1) (16 decks)

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