1 - 25 Flashcards
Which of the following medications is designed to modify blood cholesterol levels?
A) Nitrates
B) β–Blockers
C) Antihyperlipidemics
D) Aspirin
C. Antihyperlipidemics
Antihyperlipidemics control blood lipids, especially cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Aspirin is used to control for blood platelet stickiness.
Nitrates and nitroglycerine are antianginals (used to reduce chest pain associated with angina pectoris).
β-Blockers are antihypertensives (used to reduce BP by inhibiting the action of adrenergic neurotransmitters at the β-receptor, thereby promoting peripheral vasodilation).
β-Blockers also are designed to reduce BP by inhibiting the action of adrenergic neurotransmitters at the β-receptors, thereby decreasing . ”
Which of the following represents more than 90% of the fat stored in the body and is composed of a glycerol molecule connected to three fatty acids?
A) Phospholipids
B) Cholesterol
C) Triglycerides
D) Free fatty acids
“riglycerides
Dietary fats include triglycerides, sterols (e.g., cholesterol), and phospholipids.
Triglycerides represent more than 90% of the fat stored in the body.
A triglyceride is a glycerol molecule connected to three fatty acid molecules.
The fatty acids are identified by the amount of “saturation” or the number of single or double bonds that link the carbon atoms.
Saturated fatty acids only have single bonds.
Monounsaturated fatty acids have one double bond, and polyunsaturated fatty acids have two or more double bonds.
Limited flexibility of which of the following muscle groups increases the risk of low back pain?
A) Quadriceps
B) Hamstrings
C) Hip flexors
D) Biceps femoris
B. Hamstrings
An adequate range of motion or joint mobility is requisite for optimal musculoskeletal health.
Specifically, limited flexibility of the low back and hamstring regions may relate to an increased risk for development of chronic low back pain and disability.
Activities that will enhance or maintain musculoskeletal flexibility should be included as a part of a comprehensive preventive or rehabilitative exercise program.
Which of the following terms represents an imaginary horizontal plane passing through the midsection of the body and dividing it into upper and lower portions?
A) Sagittal
B) Frontal
C) Transverse
D) Superior
Transverse
The transverse plane represents an imaginary horizontal plane passing through the midsection of the body and dividing it into upper and lower portions.
The body has three cardinal planes, and each individual plane is perpendicular to the other two. Movement occurs along these planes.
The sagittal plane divides the body into right and left parts, and the midsagittal plane is represented by an imaginary vertical plane passing through the midline of the body, dividing it into right and left halves.
The frontal plane is represented by an imaginary vertical plane passing through the body, dividing it into front and back halves.
Which of the following blood pressure (BP) readings would characterize hypertension in the adult?
A) 100/60 mm Hg
B) 110/70 mm Hg
C) 120/80 mm Hg
D) 140/90 mm Hg
D. 140/90 mm Hg
To be classified as hypertensive, the SBP must equal or exceed 140 mm Hg or the diastolic pressure must equal or exceed 90 mm Hg as measured on two separate occasions, preferably days apart.
An elevation of either the systolic or diastolic pressure is classified as hypertension.
For every one metabolic equivalent (MET) increase in exercise intensity during submaximal exercise, systolic blood pressure (SBP) (mm Hg) should increase?
A) Approximately 10 mm Hg
B) 15–20 mm Hg
C) 25–30 mm Hg
D) 30–35 mm Hg
A. Approximately 10 mm Hg
The increase in SBP is expected to rise 5–10 mm Hg per MET of effort.
By definition, 1 MET being roughly equivalent to the energy expended during rest.
During dynamic exercise, SBP will increase in a direct proportion to exercise intensity.
The increase in SBP is due to the increase in Q, which helps to facilitate increase in blood flow to the exercising muscles.
Which of the following would not terminate a maximal or submaximal exercise test in a low-risk adult?
A) Subject requests to stop
B) Shortness of breath
C) A slight decrease in diastolic pressure
D) Failure of heart rate (HR) to increase with increased intensity
C. A slight decrease in diastolic pressure
During dynamic exercise, DBP may not change much or even decrease slightly because it represents the pressure in heart during diastole (rest).
If a 150-lb man exercised for 30 min on a Monark cycle ergometer at an intensity of 27.5 mL · kg−1 · min−1, what would his caloric expenditure be for the entire 30-min session?
A) 280.50 kcal
B) 137.50 kcal
C) 9.35 kcal
D) 5.50 kcal
A. 280.5 kcal
The steps are as follows:
a. Convert 150 lb to 68 kg (divide by 2.2)
b. If he exercises at a volume of oxygen consumed per unit time (O2) of 27.5 mL · kg−1 · min−1 (relative) and he weighs 68 kg, that is equal to a O2 of 1.87 L · min−1 (absolute).
c. With an absolute O2 of 1.87 L · min−1, you can multiply that by 30 min of exercise and by 5 kcal · min−1 (conversion of L · min−1 to kcal · min−1) that equals to 280.5 kcal total for the exercise session.
To promote weight loss, cardiovascular endurance exercise should be performed for?
A) At least 30 min on 3 or more days per week (moderate intensity)
B) At least 30–60 min · d−1 totaling 300 min · wk−1 (moderate intensity)
C) At least 20–25 min on 3 or more days per week (vigorous intensity)
D) At least 10 min on most days of the week (vigorous intensity)
B. At least 30–60 min per day 5 times per week. Totaling 150 to 300 min per wk (moderate intensity)
According to ACSM guidelines, in order to promote weight loss through the use of cardiovascular endurance exercise, one needs to exercise 30–60 min · d−1, 5 d · wk−1 (150–300 total minutes per week).
For adults with arthritis, which of the following apply?
A) Progression in duration of activity should be emphasized over increased intensity.
B) Physical activity should be completed at the same time every day.
C) Avoid all joint movement during periods of acute flares and inflammation.
D) All of the above.
D. All of the above
Because adults with arthritis are usually at a lower level of fitness, an increase in duration first will allow for a more graduate adaptation to the exercise program and minimize the risk for muscle soreness, discomfort, and injury.
Further, the risk for muscle soreness, discomfort, and injury may also be reduced when the exercise is done at the same time of the day and avoided during periods of acute flares and inflammation.
Uncoordinated gait, headache, dizziness, vomiting, and elevated body temperature are signs and symptoms of?
A) Acute exposure to the cold
B) Hypothermia
C) Heat exhaustion and heat stroke
D) Acute altitude sickness
C. Heat exhaustion and heat stroke
Heat exhaustion and heat stroke are serious conditions that result from a combination of the metabolic heat generated from exercise accompanied by dehydration and electrolyte loss from sweating.
If these conditions are present, exercise must be stopped.
Attempts to rehydrate, perhaps intravenously, should be attempted, and the body must be cooled by any means possible.
The person should be placed in the supine position, with the feet elevated.
What is a subject’s work rate in watts if he pedals on a Monark cycle ergometer at 50 revolutions per minute (RPM) at a resistance of 2.0 kp?
1 revolution of the cycle flywheel is 6 meyers long.
A) 10 W
B) 50 W
C) 100 W
D) 200 W
A. 10 W
This question does not require the use of a metabolic formula because it is asking for the subject’s work rate.
The steps to answering this question are as follows: 50 RPM × 6 m = 30 m · min−1 (each revolution on a Monark cycle ergometer = 6 m); 2.0 kp = 2.0 kg.
Write down the formula for work rate: Work rate = force × distance/time.
Substitute the known values for the variable name: Work rate = 2.0 kg × 30 m · min−1; Work rate = 60 kg · m · min−1.
Divide the work rate (kg · m · min−1) by 6.
W = kg · m · min−1/6 = 600 kg · m · min−1/6 = 10
Regular exercise will result in what chronic adaptation in cardiac output (Q) during exercise at the same workload?
A) Increase
B) Decrease
C) No change
D) Increase during dynamic exercise only
C. No change
Q does not change significantly, primarily because the person is performing the same amount of work and, thus, responds with the same .
It should be noted, however, that the same is now being generated with a lower HR and higher stroke volume compared with when the person was untrained.
Rotation of the anterior surface of a bone toward the midline of the body is called?
A) Medial rotation
B) Lateral rotation
C) Supination
D) Pronation
A. Medial rotation
Rotation is the turning of a bone around its own longitudinal axis or around another bone.
Rotation of the anterior surface of the bone toward the midline of the body is medial rotation, whereas rotation of the same bone away from the midline is lateral rotation.
Supination is a specialized rotation of the forearm that results in the palm of the hand being turned forward (anteriorly).
Pronation (the opposite of supination) is the rotation of the forearm that results in the palm of the hand being directed backward (posteriorly).
Q can be calculated by multiplying _____.
A) HR and stroke volume
B) Stroke volume and the difference between the oxygen-carrying capacity of the arterial blood and venous blood
C) Oxygen consumption and HR
D) HR and blood volume
A. HR and stroke volume
Q is calculated by multiplying HR and stroke volume. During dynamic exercise, Q increases with increasing exercise intensity.
Stroke volume increases only until approximately 40%–50% of O2max.
Above this point, Q increases in are accounted for only by an increase in HR.
During static exercise, Q may fall as a result of a drop in venous return.
When the contraction is released, a rapid increase in Q occurs as the venous return increases.
