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MEDI2000 - Immunobiology > 1+2 Intro to immunobiology > Flashcards

1+2 Intro to immunobiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define immunity

A

Resistance to disease with specific reference to infectious diseases

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2
Q

Define immune system

A

Collection of cells, molecules and tissues/organs that mediate resistance to foreign microbes, bacteria, drugs, pollen etc

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3
Q

What are foreign agents referred to as?

A

antigens + immunogens

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4
Q

Define self-discrimination

A

Ability to recognise and respond to molecules that are foreign, yet not respond to molecules that are part of self

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5
Q

What are the two arms of the immune system?

A

Innate immune system

Acquired immune system

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6
Q

What are the general characteristics of the innate immunity?

A
  • Provides a rapid, generalised, non-specific response
  • Occurs within minutes,
  • May last hours -> days
  • Includes phagocytosis
  • Does not include aby
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7
Q

What does innate immunity involve?

A
  • Cells, tissues that are already present in the body at the time of exposure
  • Nothing is created for innate immunity
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8
Q

What does acquired immunity involve?

A
  • Specialised response to particular foreign microbe
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9
Q

What are the general characteristics of acquired immunity?

A
  • Develops slowly; days to weeks.
  • Two types of response: humoral and cell mediated
  • Has memory
  • Does include aby
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10
Q

Define immunisation in relation of acquired immunity

A

Deliberately inducing an acquired response to stimulate immune memory to offer protection from future infection

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11
Q

Define memory

A

Ability to recall previous contact with a foreign molecule and upon re-contact be able to respond to it with a more rapid + larger response than the initial contact

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12
Q

What are the two sub categories of innate defenses? + examples

A
  1. Surface barriers: skin + mucous membrane

2. Internal defenses: phagocytes, NK cells, inflammation

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13
Q

What are the two sub categories of acquired defenses? + examples

A
  1. Humoral: b cells

2. Cell mediated: T cells

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14
Q

Describe the structure of antibodies

A
  • Large Y shaped protein, used to recognise + neutralise foreign material
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15
Q

What is an epitope?

A
  • Also known as antigenic determinant
  • Part of the foreign material that is recognised by one antibody molecule
  • Antibodies bind to specific epitopes
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16
Q

Define specificity

A

Ability to discriminate between different molecule entities

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17
Q

What is haematopoiesis

A
  • Where all specialised cell types develop from a common pluripotent bone marrow stem cell
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18
Q

Where to T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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19
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone

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20
Q

Where do B and T cells move after maturation?

A

Lymphoid tissues

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21
Q

What are macrophages referred to in the bone?

A

Osteoclast

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22
Q

What are macrophages referred to in the liver?

A

Kupffer cells

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23
Q

What are macrophages referred to in the lungs?

A

Alveolar macrophages

24
Q

What are macrophages referred to in the spleen?

A

Spleenic macrophages

25
What are macrophages referred to in the peritoneum?
peritoneal macrophages
26
What are macrophages referred to in the CNS?
Microglial cells
27
What are the types of granulocytes?
Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil
28
What are the types of agranulocytes?
Monocyte | Lymphocyte
29
Describe white blood cells
- Defends against disease | - Makes up <1% of total blood volume
30
Name the process by which WBCs leave the capillaries
Diapedesis
31
How are WBCs able to move through tissue spaces?
Via ameboid motion + chemotaxis
32
Order from most abundance to least abundance of WBCs in peripheral blood
1. Neutrophils 2. Lymphocytes 3. Monocytes 4. Eosinophils 5. Basophils
33
What do neutrophils generally respond to?
Bacteria
34
What do eosinophils generally respond to?
Parasites
35
What do basophils generally respond to?
Allergies
36
What do lymphocytes generally respond to?
Viruses
37
What do monocytes generally respond to?
Everything
38
Describe neutrophils
- Polymorphonuclear leucocytes - Short lived phagocytic cells (~12hrs) - Exit the blood to engage foreign molecules - First cells during an inflammatory response - Produce peroxide + superoxide radicles (toxic to microorganisms)
39
Describe the microscopy of neutrophils
- Granules stain purple (contains hydrolytic enzymes) - 3-6 lobes in nucleus - 2x size of RBCs
40
Describe eosinophils
- Release enzymes to digest parasitic worms - Role in modulating immune response - Role in allergies + asthma
41
Describe the microscopy of eosinophils
- Stain red cytoplasmic granules - Bi-lobed nucleus - Granules lysosyme like
42
Describe the microscopy of basophils
- Rare WBCs - Nucleus is deep purple - Large, dark granules containing histamine
43
What is histamine?
Inflammatory chemical acting as a vasodilator to attract WBCs to inflamed sites
44
Describe lymphocytes
- Crucial in adaptive immune response - 3 types: T cells, B cells, NK cells - Found in lymphoid tissue
45
Describe the microscopy of lymphocytes
- Large dark purple circular nuclei with thin rim of blue cytoplasm
46
T lymphocytes
Activate macrophages and act against virally infected cells as well as tumor cells
47
B lymphocytes
give rise to plasma cells, producing aby
48
NK cells
- Non phagocytic large granular lymphocytes - Attack cells that lack self cell surface receptors - Induce apoptosis in cancer + virus infected cells - Secretes potent chemicals to enhance inflammatory response in contact with target cells - forming pores in cell membrane to cause lysis
49
Describe Monocytes
- Leave circulation and differentiate into macrophages - Active phagocytic cells; for viruses, infection + intracellular bacterial parasites - Activate lymphocytes for an immune response - antigen presentation
50
Describe the microscopy of monocytes
- Abundant pale blue cytoplasm - Many granules - Dark purple staining/ kidney shaped nuclei
51
Macrophages
- Different types when found in different areas of the body | - All are components of reticuloendothelial system (RES)
52
What are the main functions of RES?
1. Phagocytose microbes in the blood | 2. Destruction of aged/imperfect cells
53
Dendritic cells
- From the same precursor cell as monocytes - Reside in an immature state - Specialised antigen presenting cells (link between innate and adaptive) - Found as interdigitating cells of thymus - Called langerhan cells in the skin
54
What are the functions of dendritic cells?
- Phagocytise pathogens | - Enter lymphatics to present antigens to T cells inside lymph nodes
55
What cells are able to phagocytose?
- monocytes - macrophages - dendritic cells
56
What does APC stand for?
- Antigen presenting cells

MEDI2000 - Immunobiology (7 decks)

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