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Question 1

What does the law of conservation of energy state?

Answer 1

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred.

Question 2

What is the equation for total energy before and after a process?

Answer 2

total energy before = total energy after

Question 3

Name three ways of transferring energy.

Answer 3

• Light
• Sound
• Electricity

Question 4

What do thermometers measure temperature in?

Answer 4

Degrees Celsius (°C)

Question 5

What does temperature measure?

Answer 5

The average energy.

Question 6

What does thermal energy measure?

Answer 6

The total energy.

Question 7

Which has more thermal energy: a warm bath or a heated kettle?

Answer 7

A warm bath has more thermal energy.

Question 8

As we heat things, what happens to the particles?

Answer 8

The particles gain more kinetic energy and vibrate more or faster.

Question 9

What factors determine the energy needed to heat an object?

Answer 9

• Mass
• Material
• Temperature rise

Question 10

What is equilibrium in terms of thermal energy?

Answer 10

When objects have the same thermal energy.

Question 11

What are renewable resources?

Answer 11

Resources that produce greenhouse gases when built, not when used, and will not run out.

Question 12

List examples of renewable resources.

Answer 12

• Wind
• Tidal
• Wave
• Hydroelectric
• Geothermal
• Biomass
• Solar powers

Question 13

What are the three methods of thermal energy transfer?

Answer 13

Conduction, convection, radiation

These methods describe how heat moves through different materials.

Question 14

In which state of matter does conduction primarily occur?

Answer 14

Solids

Conduction involves particle collisions and vibrations.

Question 15

How does conduction transfer thermal energy?

Answer 15

Particles collide into others when they vibrate

This process allows energy to move through solids.

Question 16

What occurs in convection?

Answer 16

Occurs in liquids or gases

Convection involves the movement of particles due to temperature differences.

Question 17

What happens to particles in a liquid or gas when they come into contact with a heat source?

Answer 17

They get hotter and move faster

This leads to an increase in particle spacing and a decrease in density.

Question 18

What occurs to the hot part of a liquid or gas during convection?

Answer 18

It rises

The cooler, denser parts fall to take its place, creating a cycle.

Question 19

What is the term used to describe the cycle of movement in convection?

Answer 19

Convection current

This cycle continues as particles heat up and move.

Question 20

Fill in the blank: Thermal energy can be transferred by _______.

Answer 20

conduction, convection, radiation

These are the main methods of heat transfer.

Question 21

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

Answer 21

Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen

Question 22

Where in a plant cell does photosynthesis take place?

Answer 22

Chloroplasts

Question 23

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

Answer 23

To absorb light energy

Question 24

Why is photosynthesis important for plants?

Answer 24

It produces glucose and oxygen

Question 25

How is chemosynthesis different from photosynthesis?

Answer 25

Chemosynthesis uses chemical energy instead of light energy

Question 26

Where does chemosynthesis occur?

Answer 26

In environments without sunlight, such as deep-sea vents

Question 27

What is the energy source for chemosynthesis?

Answer 27

Chemical reactions

Question 28

Which organisms carry out chemosynthesis?

Answer 28

Certain bacteria and archaea

Question 29

What is the function of the stomata in a leaf?

Answer 29

To regulate gas exchange

Question 30

Why do leaves have a large surface area?

Answer 30

To maximize light absorption

Question 31

Where in the leaf does most photosynthesis occur?

Answer 31

In the mesophyll cells

Question 32

How do guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata?

Answer 32

By changing shape in response to water levels

Question 33

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

Answer 33

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

Question 34

Where in cells does aerobic respiration take place?

Answer 34

Mitochondria

Question 35

Why is aerobic respiration important?

Answer 35

It provides energy for cellular processes

Question 36

What happens to the breathing rate during exercise?

Answer 36

It increases

Question 37

Why do plants need magnesium ions?

Answer 37

For chlorophyll production

Question 38

What happens to a plant if it lacks nitrates?

Answer 38

It shows stunted growth and yellowing leaves

Question 39

Which mineral ion is needed for strong root growth?

Answer 39

Phosphorus

Question 40

What deficiency symptoms would a plant show if it lacked potassium?

Answer 40

Yellowing leaves and poor fruit development

Question 41

How is anaerobic respiration different from aerobic respiration?

Answer 41

Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen

Question 42

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

Answer 42

Glucose → Lactic acid + Energy

Question 43

Why does anaerobic respiration cause muscle fatigue?

Answer 43

Due to the accumulation of lactic acid

Question 44

How is anaerobic respiration useful in yeast?

Answer 44

It produces ethanol and carbon dioxide in fermentation

Question 45

What is power?

Answer 45

Power is the rate of energy transfer - how much energy is transferred each second.

Question 46

How are energy bills measured?

Answer 46

Energy bills are measured in kilowatt per hour (kWh).

Question 47

If a device is rated at 2kW, how much energy does it use in 4 hours?

Answer 47

It uses 8 kWh.

Question 48

What factors are covered in an energy bill?

Answer 48

The cost of the fuel used at the power station, the power station, staff, and infrastructure.

Question 49

How do you convert kWh to joules?

Answer 49

Convert the time to seconds and use the formula: 2000J/s x time in seconds.

Question 50

What energy conversion occurs when converting 2000J/s over 7200 seconds?

Answer 50

14400000J.

Question 51

Name two ways to reduce energy bills.

Answer 51

* Use fewer appliances * Use more efficient appliances

Question 52

Why do insulated houses save power?

Answer 52

They lose less thermal energy.

Question 53

What is the formula for work done?

Answer 53

Work done (J) = force (N) x distance (m).

Question 54

How do simple machines like levers and gears assist in work?

Answer 54

They make it easier to do work but do not increase the energy output.

Question 55

What type of radiation transfers energy without particles?

Answer 55

Infrared radiation.

Question 56

Do all objects emit radiation?

Answer 56

Yes, all objects emit radiation.

Question 57

What factors affect the amount of radiation emitted by an object?

Answer 57

* Temperature * Surface color * Surface texture (rough/smooth)

Question 58

What can happen to radiation when it encounters a surface?

Answer 58

* It can be absorbed * It can be reflected

Question 59

Define the term 'absorb' in the context of energy.

Answer 59

To take in energy or heat from the environment. ## Footnote Absorption is a key concept in thermodynamics and energy transfer.

Question 60

What is meant by 'chemical store'?

Answer 60

The energy stored within chemical bonds of substances. ## Footnote This energy can be released during chemical reactions.

Question 61

Define 'conduction'.

Answer 61

The transfer of heat through a material without the movement of the material itself. ## Footnote Conduction occurs primarily in solids.

Question 62

What is 'convection'?

Answer 62

The transfer of heat by the physical movement of fluid (liquid or gas). ## Footnote Convection currents are responsible for various weather patterns.

Question 63

State the 'law of conservation of energy'.

Answer 63

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. ## Footnote This law is fundamental in physics and energy studies.

Question 64

What is a 'convection current'?

Answer 64

A current in a fluid that results from convection. ## Footnote Convection currents are crucial in processes like ocean currents and atmospheric circulation.

Question 65

Define 'lever'.

Answer 65

A simple machine that consists of a rigid bar pivoted at a fixed point called the fulcrum. ## Footnote Levers are used to amplify force or change the direction of force.

Question 66

What does 'non-renewable' refer to?

Answer 66

Resources that cannot be replenished within a human timescale once they are consumed. ## Footnote Examples include fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas.