#1 Flashcards
A Greco-Egyptian mathematician,
astronomer, geographer and astrologer
during about 150 AD.
He wrote the Almagest, a book on
astronomy and star catalogue, which
represents the Geocentric model of the
universe
Claudius Ptolemy
The earth is the center of the universe
and does not move from its position.
• There are two types of motion in the
heavens:
1. The stars moving steadily
2. The sun, moon and planets
moving in a more complex way
• The heavens move like a sphere, the
earth and heavenly bodies are spheres
The Almagest
A Polish astronomer, Mikolaj
Kopernik, studied law and medicine in
University of Bologna and was a canon in
Fraunberg, Poland.
He conducted most of his
astronomical observations and calculations
there and his observations were made with
the naked eye as the invention of the
telescope would not occur for decades
after his death
Nicolaus Copernicus
• The Earth’s center is not the center of the Universe.
• The center of the universe is near the Sun.
• The rotation of the Earth accounts for the apparent daily rotation of
the stars.
• The apparent annual cycle of movements of the Sun is caused by the
Earth revolving around it.
• The apparent retrograde motion of the planets is caused by the motion
of the Earth from which one observes
Copernican system
An Italian astronomer and
philosopher who not only supported
heliocentrism but also proposed that
space was infinite, that our solar system
was one of many, and that other inhabited
worlds with intelligent beings might exist
Giordano Bruno
An Italian mathematician, physicist, and
astronomer, discovered Jupiter’s moons in
1610, supporting the Copernican model. He
improved the telescope, proving
heliocentrism, but was condemned as a
heretic by the Catholic Church for publishing
his findings.
Among his work in physics was the
discovery of relations among velocity, distance
and acceleration using the scientific approach
Galileo Galilei
A Danish nobleman, astronomer,
and alchemist known for his highly precise
astronomical observations before the
invention of the telescope.
He developed instruments that
allowed him to measure the positions of
celestial bodies with unprecedented
accuracy
Tycho Brahe
A hybrid model of the universe
that combined elements of both
geocentrism and heliocentrism.
• The Earth remains stationary at the
center of the universe.
• The Sun orbits the Earth. All other
planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars,
Jupiter, and Saturn) orbit the Sun.
• The stars are fixed on a distant
celestial sphere that rotates around
the Earth
Tychonic system
A German astronomer, proved with
mathematical calculations that planets
move in elliptical orbit.
He formulated the Laws of Planetary
Motion. His findings were among the
foundations of Newton’s Law of Universal
Gravitation. He became an assistant of
Tycho Brahe
Johannes Kepler
An English mathematician, physicist,
and astronomer, was a key figure of the
Scientific Revolution.
He formulated the laws of motion
and universal gravitation, advanced optics,
and invented calculus, proving Kepler’s
laws mathematically
Isaac Newton
An English naturalist, biologist and
geologist. His is known for his theory of
evolution. He made a thorough study,
journeyed on many places in the world
allowing him to observe the diversity of
species, made hundreds of experiments of
his theories for 20 years and found
repeatable results
Charles Darwin
Formulated in Darwin’s book, On the
Origin of Species, states that organisms
evolve over time through heritable
physical or behavioral changes, adapting to
their environment for survival.
It is not the strongest of the species
that survives, nor the most intelligent that
survives. It is the one that is most
adaptable to change
Theory of natural selection
Darwin proposed on his book The Descent of Man that humans and
modern primates share a common ancestor that lived a million years of
ago.
While modern monkeys continued evolving in their own way, our
ancestors developed traits like upright walking and larger brains, eventually
leading to Homo sapiens
Theory of Evolution
An Austrian neurologist and the
founder of psychoanalysis.
Psychoanalysis is a therapeutic
technique for people with emotional
difficulties by talking to the patient, with
the goal of bringing unconscious material
into consciousness. It is general theory of
human behavior and experience
Sigmund Freud
the unconscious, instinctual part of
the mind, present at birth, and driven by
the pleasure principle, seeking
immediate gratification of desires and
needs. When unmet, it leads to anxiety
Id
the conscious, rational part of the
mind that balances the id’s desires with
reality, allowing for delayed gratification
and socially appropriate behavior
Ego
represents societal and
parental influence, shaping an
individual’s sense of right and wrong.
Emerging around age five, it guides
moral judgment.
Super ego
Guilt and remorse for bad behavior
Conscience
Standard of behavior the ego strives to achieve
Ego ideal
