1 Flashcards
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Lymph?
excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels, this fluid was pushed out by capilarry beds and into tissue spaces
properties of lympatic vessels/lymphatics
1)lymph is a onw way system moving to the heart only
2) milking action of skeletal muscle
3)rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in vessel walls
4)respirtory pump–pressure changes within thorax
Lymph node structure
most are kidney shaped, less than 1 inch long, & burried in connective tissue that surrounds them
Fibrous capsule
surrounds the lymph node, trabeculae – extend from the capsule dividing the node into compartments
cortex
outer part contains follicles with dark centers called germinal centers that enlarge when generating plasma cells which release antibodies, rest of cortex contains T cells continuously circulate between blood, lymph nodes, lymphatic stream performing hteir surveilence role
follicles
are collections of lymphocytes
medulla
inner part containing phagocytic macrophages
several other organs that contribute to lymphatic function
spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, peyers patches
spleen
1)located on left side of abdomin
2) it filters blood of debris,bacteria, &viruses
3)destroy warn out blood cells and returns some product back to liver
4)forms blood cells in fetus and lymphocytes in adults
5) act as blood resevoir, stores platlets
thymus gland
1) located low in throat
2)functions at peak level only during childhood
3)produces hormones (like thymosin) to program lymphocytes (T cells)
tonsils
1)small masses of lymphoid tissue around pharynx
2) trap and remove foreign material and backteria, protect the throat
3)tonsilities is cuases by congestion with bacteria
peyers patches
1) found in wall of small intestine
2)resemble tonsils in structure
3) capture and destroy bacteria in intestine (machrophages)
non specfic innate body defenses
mechanical barriers to pathogens (skin, mucous membrane, body surface coverings, specialized human cells, chemicals) produced by body
skin and mucous membranes(1)
provide a physical barrier to pforeign matarials (sebum is toxic to bacteria)
stomach mucosa(1)
secretes hydrochloric acid (HCI) and has protein digesting enzymes
saliva &lacrimal fluid contains?(1)
lysozymes: enzymes that destroy bacteria
cells and chemicals
second line of defense
phagocytes
moves by diapedisis to clean up damaged tissues and pathogens (cell debris eating). engluf in vacuole.enzymes from lysomes digest material
Natural killer (NK)
police the body, able to lyse (disenigrate/dissolve cells, kill cancer,destroy virus infected cells), attack cells they DONT recognize release perforins
inflammatory responce
4 most common indicators of acute inflammation – redness, heat, swelling, pain
antimicrobial proteins
attack microorganisms, hinder reproduction of microorganisms
interferon
proteins secreted by virus protected cells, bind to healthy cells to interfear with or hijeack them
fever
hypothalmus heat regulation can be reset by pyrogens – secreated by WBC’s especially macrophages that have been exposed to pathogens
specfic adaptive defesne system
3rd line of defense “immune system”
immune responce 3
is the immune systems response to a threat, much slower
antibodies3
proteins that protect from pathogens
macrophages 3
help lymhocytes “big eaters” engulf any foreign particles
macrophages characteristics
1)arise from monocytes and become wildly distributed in lymphoid organs
2)secretes cytokins
3)remain fixed in lymphoid organ
4)antigens presenters
5)some become “killer macrophages” when activated by a chemical T cells and become insatiable phagocytes
humoral (antiboidy mediated) immune responce primary
some Bcells become long lived memory cells for secondary humoral responce, “immunological memory” for that specfic antigen
active immunity
naturally aquired, artificial aquired through vaccines
passive immunity
conferred from a mother to her fetus (naturally aquired), conferred artificially from immune serum or gamma globulin (anti-toxin or anti-venom)
antibody classes
antibodies of each class have slightly different roles, 5 major immunoglobulin classes (MADGE)
IgM
can fix complement, pentamer, 1st antibody released in primary responce
IgA
found mainly in mucous, protects mucosal surfaces from pathogenic attacthment
IgD
important in activation of B cells, attacthed to B cell
IgG
can cross the placental barrier and fix complement, most abundent antibody, main antiboyd in primary and secondary responce
IgE
involved in allergies, secreted by plasma cells in skin, mucosa in stomach and respirtory tracks, binds to mast cells and basophils, allergic reaction and inflammation
delayed hyper sensitivity
symptoms 1-3 days after contact, triggered by release of lymphokins from activated T cells, EX: contact dermatitus, metal, poision ivy. NEED hydrocortisone cream
immunodeficensies
function of immune cells or complement is abormal, may be congenital or aquired
AIDS is what
an immunodeficensy (HIV virus and can be dormat for years)auto
autoimmune disease
cant distinguish between self and non self, EX: graves, multiple sclerosis, rhemutoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis
graves disease
thyroid produces excess thyroxin and causes hyperthyroidism, eyes buldge out
multiple sclerosis
white matter of brain & spinal cord are destroyed, prressive deteroration of muscles leads to wheelchair and progressive vision loss
rhemutoid arthritis
destroys cartilage in joints and deforms hands
glomerulonephritis
impairment of renal(kidney) function, urine looks like blood, common after having strep or bad cough
