1 Flashcards
Robert Hooke
Discovered the cell
Anton Vann Leeuwnhoek
Found out that cells move
Matthias Jakon Schleiden
Concluded that all plants are made of cells
Theodor Schwann
Concluded that all animals are made of cells
Prokaryoic Cells
- First cells on the Earth
- Unicellular
- Smaller compared to eukaryotes cells
– Doesn’t have a nucleus or mitochondria
Eukaryotes Cells
- Unicellular or multicellular
- Complex internal structure
Cell Membrane
Regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell
Nucleus
Stores the cell’s genetic material (DNA)
– Only in eukaryotic cells
Nucleolus
Produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes
Ribosomes
Makes RNA into proteins
Mitochondria
Makes ATP (primary energy in cells)
– Only in eukaryotic cells
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Makes and modifies proteins
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Makes Lipids
Lipids
Stores energy, cell structure and signaling
Golgi Complex
Packages, modifies, and distributes proteins and lipids
– Only in eukaryotic cells
Lysosomes
Breaks down waste materials
– Only in eukaryotic cells
Natural Selection
Organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
– Created by Darwin
Descent with Modification
Offspring inherits traits from their parents but with slight variations over generations
– Created by Darwin
Mendel’s Contribution to Evolution
– Made discoveries on how traits are inherited
– Said traits are passed through discrete units (genes), not blended
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Process that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein
James Hutton
Gradualism - Earth’s features formed slowly over long periods through natural processes
Charles Lyell
Uniformitarianism - The geological processes shaping Earth today (like erosion and plate movement) have always worked at the same rate throughout history
Hutton & Lyell’s Ideas
Both suggested that Earth was much older than a couple thousand years
Similarities and Diversity of Life
– Similarities - all species share a common ancestor
– Diversity - all species have diversified through adaptation to different environments
– Due to natural selection
Malthus
Argues that human populations produce more offspring than the environment can support, creating a competition for resources
– Darwin usage of this information was the ideology of natural selection
Atom
Smalled unit of matter (solid, liquid, gas)
Molecule
Group of atoms bonded together by chemical bonds
– Can be with same atoms or different
Compound
Made up of two or more different types of atoms that are chemically bonded
– All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds
Atomic Number
Number of protons
Atomic Mass
Mass of the atom (protons + neutrons)
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
Ions
Atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons, giving them a positive or negative charge
Ionic Bond
The bond that forms when one atom gives an electron and another atom takes it
Covalent Bond
When atoms share electrons
Polar Covalent Bonds
When atoms share electrons unequally
Non-polar Covalent Bonds
When atoms share electrons equally
Single Bonds
When two atoms share one pair of electrons (two electrons)
Double Bonds
When two atoms share two pairs of electrons (four electrons)
Hydrogen Bond
Bond that forms between a positive hydrogen atom and a negative atom (like oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine) in another molecule
Hydrophilic Hydrogen Bonds
Form hydrogen bonds with water molecules to mix / dissolve easily
Hydrophobic Hydrogen Bonds
Doesn’t form hydrogen bonds with water molecules
Acids
A substance that releases H+ (positive Hydrogen) ions in water
– Have a pH less than 7
Bases
A substance that release hydroxide (OH-) ions in water
– Have a pH bigger than 7
Functional Groups
Specific groups of atoms in a molecule that give the molecule its unique properties and determine how it reacts with other substances
Carbohydrates
Molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that provide energy for living things
– Often sugars / starches
Lipids
Fats, oils, and waxes that store energy, protect organs, and make up the cell membrane
– Mostly made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
– Are hydrophobic (do not mix well with water)
Proteins
Large, complex molecules made of amino acids that help the body grow, repair, and function properly
Amino Acids
Molecules that combine to form proteins
Nucleic Acids
Molecules that store and transmit genetic information
Lipid Bilayer
Double layer of phospholipids that make up the cell membrane
Protein Bond Formation
Chemical bond that links amino acids together to form proteins
