1

Question 2

what is urbanisation

Answer 2

An increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities

Question 3

Where is the fastest growth of urbanisation taking place (two continents)

Answer 3

Asia and Africa

Question 4

What three coutnires are expected to account for 37% of the world’s urban population?

Answer 4

China (+292 mil), India (404mil), Nigeria (212 mil)

Question 5

why have some cities experienced population decline, examples

Answer 5

economic contraction (Detroit)
low fertiliity rates (Japan)
emmigration (poland)
Natural disatsers (New orleans)

Question 6

Why are urban areas important

Answer 6

• strong leaderships and governments
  -centre of economic activity
  -infastructure and transport
  -better services (housing schools etc)

Question 7

What is Planetary Urbanisation?

Answer 7

Idea that Urbansiation can happen anywhere in the world as it is a certain mode of production. More about lifestyle and culture.

Question 8

What is urbanism

Answer 8

Culture and way of being in an urban enviroment

Question 9

What is Urban Growth

Answer 9

The physical expansion of cities , economic and demographic

Question 10

What are the casues of urban growth

Answer 10

rural to urban migration
Natural increase
Death rate decreases

Question 11

What are the consequences of Urbanisation
(6)

Answer 11

-urban sprawl
-shortage of housing in LIC’s
-Transport issues
-employment and unemployemnt
-shortage of affordable housing in HIC’s
-Lack of urban services and waste disposal

Question 12

How mamy mega cities were there in 1990 and then 2020.
Ho many are predicted for 2030

Answer 12

1990=10
2020=30
2030=43

Question 13

how many people live in an area for it to be a meta city?

Answer 13

more than 20 mil

Question 14

What is suburbanisation?

Answer 14

The moevement of people living in the inner parts of a city to the outer edge

Question 15

Wherre did most growth take place in regrads to suburbansistaion and what is this called?

Answer 15

Along main roads- Ribbon development

Question 16

What is a green belt?

Answer 16

Areas of open space and low density land-use around towns

Question 17

timeline and reasons for suburbanisation
1930-70

Answer 17

1930- ribbon development
1940- Green belt areas
1950- better palnned expansion
1960- Council hosuing
1970- Home Ownership

Question 18

consequences of Suburbansiation

Answer 18

• pollution, noise and air
  -increased flood risk
  -decentrilisation of buisness and retail
  -Homogenisation
  -strain on services
  -loss of habitats

Question 19

What is Counterurbansiation

Answer 19

the moevement of people from large urban areas into smaller urban or rural areas

Question 20

What are the causes of Counterurbanisation

Answer 20

• government encouragement, New towns act 1946
  -green belt policy
  -commuter towns
  -increase in working from home
  -improved transport
  -more open space= better quality of life

Question 21

managing Counterurbansistation
St ives

Answer 21

• expand primary schools, 240 more places
  -flood protection against the mebankment, cost 8.8 mil
• a £116 million busyway has bene built linking st ives to huntingdon and Cambridgeshire reducing A14 traffic
  -200 new houses built

Question 22

Consequences of Counterurbanisation

Answer 22

• loss of character/sense of place
  -tensisons between newcomers and lcoals
  -local services such as bus stops and post offices shut down
  -House prices are pushed up, outpricing young local residents

Question 23

What is urban resurgence

Answer 23

The regeneration, both economic and structural of an urban area that has suffered a period of decline

Question 24

What are the problems caused by urban resurgence

Answer 24

• buisness not fitting in with the ‘trend’ are under threat from developers
  -the character of the place changing
  -people unable to afford the new high prices

Question 25

What Cities have experienced the most urban resurgence and why

Answer 25

London, Manchester and Birmingham experienced de-industrillisation

Question 26

What are the three types of air pollution

Answer 26

-photochemical smog -particulate air pollutin -temperature inversions

Question 27

What is particulate air pollution and what is it caused by

Answer 27

Tiny bits of solids or liquids suspended in the air, can occur naturally but mainly occurs from the burning of fossil fuels

Question 28

What are the temperature inversions and what does it vary with

Answer 28

pollution is trapped in a layer of warm air that is inbetween two layers of cold air. it varies with the concentration of pollutants and time of the year

Question 29

What is Photochemical smog

Answer 29

The combination of sunlight and nitrogen oxide from cars which produces a brown photochemical smog

Question 30

Why does LA suffer from extreme air pollution?

Answer 30

-High levels of cars -warm county- large amounts of sunlight -situated in a baisin (mountians)

Question 31

When was the clean air act introduced and what did it entail

Answer 31

1956, created smoke free zones, put limits on the amount of airbone pollution

Question 32

How can air pollution be reduced in london?

Answer 32

- cycle routes and lime bikes -public transport, tubes ans buses -park and ride services -congestion charges -ULEZ charges -Hybrid buses

Question 33

What are the benefits of the conestion charge

Answer 33

-traffic reduced by 21% -Cyclists increased by 43% -CO2+NO2 emissions down by 12% -Bus passenger numbers have increased by 45%

Question 34

What are the successes of the ULEZ charge

Answer 34

-95% of Vehicles are now ULEZ complient -99% reduction in the smount of of hours NO2 conc exceeded uk limit -Amount of NO2 detected at roadside decerased by 4.4%

Question 35

What is zoning of industry

Answer 35

Industry is forced to locate downwind , thus forcing factories with chimmneys that emmit pollutuants to build these over the inversion layer

Question 36

what are the categories of waste

Answer 36

biodegradeable recyclable inert electrical composite hazardous toxic biomedical

Question 37

what is the waste stream

Answer 37

from domestic, commercial or industrial source to recovery, recycling or financial disposal

Question 38

Where is most waste generated? How much more?

Answer 38

HICs and urban areas. 10 to 30 times more than LICs

Question 39

what is MSW

Answer 39

Municipal solid waste

Question 40

How does the waste source vary

Answer 40

plastic and metasl increase in HICs.LICs have a higher proportion of compostible waste-40-85% of total waste

Question 41

What is the global waste trade

Answer 41

international trade of waste between countries. Trade is mainly from HICs to LICs causing toxic dumps

Question 42

what ahs been put in place to stop global waste trade

Answer 42

International laws ( Basel convention) to prevent transboundary movement of hazardous waste

Question 43

key facts about Manilla - urban waste

Answer 43

-10% of total waste is recycled -4/5s is transported to landfill sites -largets landfill site= 200 hectatres -more than 80,000 slum dwellers live around the dump

Question 44

what are the approaches to waste management -waste triangle-

Answer 44

prevent reduce reuse recycle recover dispose

Question 45

what are the positives of recycling

Answer 45

- reduce amount of rubbish in landfill sites -resources can be reused -creates jobs -protects biodiversity and ecosystems

Question 46

what are the negatives of recycling

Answer 46

-expenisve - a nuisance for people -time consuming when sorting the rubbish -incorrect recycling can mess up the process -ease of access- less ppl in flast recycle

Question 47

what is the london example to show how wealth affects waste management

Answer 47

Richmond 59% Newham less than 20% recycling rates

Question 48

What are the reasons for ethinic segreagation in cities

Answer 48

- hostillity from the majority poplualtion -maintenance of cultures and traditions - places of worship or ethnic shops -living near the rest of the community -less succesful in secuirng morgage loans

Question 49

How can issues about ethnic segregation be managed

Answer 49

-a policy of interculturalism -uk legislation on anti-racism laws, employment rights and other opportunities to combat discrimination

Question 50

what is cultural diversity

Answer 50

The existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society. Culture realates to nationality, race,age and traditons

Question 51

Why is ther more culturla diversity in cities

Answer 51

- greater employment opportunities -first poiint of entry( airports) -established cuktural diversity -urban populatioion are more tolerant