1 Flashcards
Determination of the individuality of a person through ordinary and scientific methods
Personal identification
no special training or skill is required of the identifier and no instrument or procedure is demanded
laymen used to prove identity
ordinary method
identification is made by trained men, well-seasoned by experience and observation, and primarily based on comparison or exclusion
based on scientific knowledge
Scientific method
Ordinary methods of identification applicable to living persons only:
characteristics which may easily be changed.
- Growth of hair, beard or mustache
- clothing
- frequent visit
- grade of profession
- body ornamentation
characteristics that may not easily be changed
1.Mental memory - recołlection of time, place and events:
2. Speech - stammer, stutter or lIsp
3. Gait-manner of walking
4. Mannerism - movements of the and:body, facial-muscles, etc.
5. Hands and feet - size, shape, abnormalities, etc.
6. Complexion - dark, fair, etc.
7. Changes in the eyes- nearsighted, far- sighted, color
blind, astigmatism, etc.
8. Faces - facial expressions
9. Left or right-handedness
10 Degree of nutrition - thin, norinal or stout
(Solls, 1987: 43-47)
Points of identification Applicable to Both Living and
Dead Before Onset of Decomposition:
- Occupational Marks
- Race - Caucasian, Malayan, Mongolian, Negro, etc:
- Stature. Shrinkage in height at old age.
- Tattoo Marks
- Weight Deformities
- Deformities
- Birth Marks - spot naive, port wine, Mongolian blue
spot. - Injuries living Permanent results - amputation,
Improper union of fractured bones. - Moles
- Scar
.11. Tribal Marks - tattooing or branding
.12. Sexual Organ
.13. Blood Examination
(Solis, 1987: 47-52)
Extrinsic Factors in identification:
- Ornamentation -rings, necklace, ėtc.
- Personal Belongings - letters, wallet, drivers Hcense, etc
- Wearing Apparel - tailor marks, laundry marks,
Footwear, socks, etc. - Foreign bodies - dust in clothing, cerumen in the airs,
Nail scrapping, etc. - identification by close frlends and relatlves
- identification records on file at the, police department, Immigration bureau, hospital, etc,
- Identification photograph
(Solis, 1987: 54-55)
Scientific Methods of identification;
- Fingerprinting (Dactyloscopy)
- Dental identification (Odontology)
- Handwriting
- identification of Skeleton (Anthropometry)
- Determination of Sex
- Determination of Age
- identification of Blood and-Bloodstains (Serology)
- identification of Hairs and Fibers
- Voice Analysis
are reproductions on some smooth surfaces of the pattern or design formed by the ridges found on the first joint of our fingers
Fingerprints
principles of fingerprints
- Principle of individuality
- principle of non- changeability/ permanency
- principle of infallibility
There are no two identical fingerprints.
the chances of two fingerprints being the same are calculated to be 1 to 64 billion
Principle of individuality
was the first to recognize that although specific friction ridge arrangements may be similar, they are never duplicated.
J.C.A Mayer
-fingerprints are formed in the fourth month of pregnancy .
-during the latter days of pregnancy as well as after birth, the pattern enlarges, but no changes take place in the number and arrangement of the the friction ridges
principle of non- changeability/ permanency
took his own fingerprints throughout his life, and noted that no change had occured in them in over 50 years
Sir William Herschel (1858)
the first to provide scientific evidence that no two fingerprints are exactly the same and that prints remain the same throughout a person’s lifetime.
he calculated the odds of 1 to 64 billion
Sir Francis Galton
how many months do ridges begin to form according to Tubid 1996
5 to 6 months
identification of persons through fingerprint is accurate. fingerprints have general patterns that permit them to be systematically classified. cannot be forged
principle of infallibility
is the art of identification by comparison of fingerprints. it is the study and utilization of fingerprints
classification of fingerprints
Dactyloscopy
It is the identification of a person by means of the ridges appearing on the fingers, on the palms and on the soles of the feet
Fingerprint as a science.
The impression or
reproduction left on any material by the friction skin of the palms.
Palm print
The impression or reproduction left on any material by the friction skin of the foot/feet or toe/toes.
Footprint/toe
print.
The skin on inner hands and fingers, and on the bottom of the feet and toes, which is characterized by alternating strips of raised ridges and furrows arranged in a variety of patterns.
Friction skin.
That portion of the skin
lower and between the ridges.
Furrow.
The raised
portion of the skin that leaves the impression or reproduction.
Friction ridge.
It is the identification of a person through the examination and comparison
of fingerprints.
It i is also the
classification of fingerprints.
A Greek term that translate as
“to view the fingers.”
Dactyloscopy
It is the process
of analyzing fingerprints.
A Greek term that translate as
“finger writing.”
- is the art and study of recording fingerprints as a means of identification (solis)
Dactylography.
A latin term that translates as “ skin carving”
Dermatoglyphics
This includes relating to or
dealing with the application of
scientific knowledge to legal
problems (modern definition
of Webster). The application
can be in one or more of many
specific fields of study or branch of specialized knowledge such as science, technology, medicine,
or other area of knowledge
used to assist courts to resolve
disputes, whether criminal, civil,
or administrative.
It is the scientific investigation
into matters pertaining to law in the course of a crime. The practice of matching people to people, or people to places, during the
investigation of a crime.
Forensic science
in forensic science is simply answering the question “ what is it”
Identification
is the uniqueness of an object to the execution of all other objects like itself. “what kind of salt is it?”
Individualization
These are objects
that are commonly encountered in investigations or the possible real object that created the evidence.
e.g. If a tire tread is found at a
Scene, it becomes evidence. If
a suspected car is uncovered in
the investigation, the tires on the car can serve as exemplars, and each produced will be tested and measured to see if it could have produced the tire tread from the Scene.
Exemplars
It is the application of forensic science to criminal matters.
Criminalistics
the examination of the hand (palm)
Chiroscopy
is it the art of characterization and foretelling the future through the study of the palm, also known as palm reading, chirology
palmistry or chiromancy
is the science of identification through friction ridge characteristics existing on the sole of the human foot
podoscopy
is the science of identification by means of the pores of the skin. pores in number, size, and arrangement are as individual as the fingerprints.
poroscopy
as a means of of identification is applied when only a part of the fingerprint is available for proper means of identification
poroscopy
the study or irregularities in position of the teeth, and of malocclusions, and their feet treatment.
orthodontology
is the misalignment of of teeth of incorrect relation between the teeth of the two dental arches.
malocclusion
this refers to a person having more than required number of fingers.
polydactyl
ulnar
little finger
radial
thumb
types of polydactyl
- postaxial ( little finger)
- preaxial ( thumb)
- central ( ring, middle , index)
two of more finger or toes that are fuse together
syndactyl
the comparison of two fingerprint pattern is governed with those taken from the suspect ( standard Prints)
galton details
He suggested the 12 matching points as positive fingerprint identification
Edmond locard
a notorious gangster and the most publicize attempt at removal or fingerprints. He attempted to destroy his own fingerprints by applying a corrosive acid to them. Prints taken at the morgue after was shot death were compared with fingerprints recorded at the time of a previous arrest.
John herbert dillinger
the man without fingerprints (1941)
robert james pitts
AFIS (1990)
Automated fingerprint identification system
the biggest organ in the body
skin
parts of the skin
epidermis
dermis
dermal papillae
or true skin is the layer containing blood vessels, various glands and nerves. it is in the dermis where the dermal papillae are found
dermis
are irregular blunt pegs composed of delicate connective tissues protruding and forming the ridges of the skin on the fingers, palms, toes, and soles of the feet.
Dermal papillae
contains the lands furrows
palmar
smooth portion of the skin with hair
dorsal
pertaining to the sole of the foot
plantar
a small opening anywhere across the ridge surface but is usually found near the center
pore
serves as the passage way for the watery substance (sweat) that exit at its mouth, the pore
Duct
is where perspiration is discharge
sweat gland
are the depressions found between ridges.
canal like structure
this appears as a white lines on the fingerprint.
furrows
-a permanent crease in the skin at the knuckles which permits the skin to Flex when the finger is extended.
-Flexure lines become more prominent with age
Flexure line
usually run longitudinally along the length of the finger caused by a folding of the skin
crease
this refers to a bone found in the finger’s tips, covered by friction skin and containing fingerprints pattern.
terminal phalange
is the skeletal finger covered with friction skin. it is made up of three bones
Phalange
it is located at the base of the finger nearest the palm.
basal or proximal phalange
the next and above the basal done.
middle phalange
a particular bone covered with friction skin, having all the different types of fingerprint patterns and it is located near the tip of the finger
terminal phalange
are the elevated parts found between furrows. this appears as black lines on the fingerprint
friction ridges
the outer covering of the skin.
epidermis
two parts of epidermis
- stratum corneum - the outer of the skin
- stratum mucosum - immediately beneath/below the covering layers
five division of the stratum
- corneus layer
- transparent layer
- granucar layer
- malphigian layer
- generating layer
When the dermal papillae are damaged by an
external force, chemicals, disease, the patterns of the
ridges will no longer reappear. Thus, it will change the
appearance of the ridges.
A penetration of a depth more,
than one millimeter (1 mm +) causes a permanent
damaged of the ridges due to the destruction of dermal
papillae (Tubid, 1996: 27).
Ridge destruction
7 ridges characteristics/galton details
- ridge ending
- bifurcation
- lake
- independent ridge
- dot or island
- spur
- crossover
refers to the end point of a ridge, or a ridge with abrupt ending
ending ridge
a ridge that is shorter than ending ridge.
short ridge
this is a ridge that divides into two branches and met again
lake or enclosure
it refers to a ridge which looks like a period, dot, or a fragment of a ridge
dot or island
a single ridge which splits into two ridges, forming a Y-shape structure. it is referred to as fork
bifurcation
a short ridge at the top or ljfhieihfeu recurve usually at the right angle
abutment
it refers to a ridge formation that a curves back in the direction from which it started. it looks like a hairpin.
recurving or lopping ridge
this is a short or ending ridge found inside the innermost recurving edges of a loop formation
rod or bar
a connecting friction ridge between parallel running ridges, generally right angles
bridge
a point where two ridge units intersect
ridge crosssing
is a ridge whose end is angular and serve as a point of convergence pointed and abrupt
converging ridge
is the spreading aprt of two lines which have been running parallel or nearly parallel
diverging ridge
is that part of a lop or whorl in which appear the cores, deltas, ridges, with which we are concerned in classifying
pattern area
may be classified as the two innermost ridges which start parallel , diverge and surround or tend to surround the pattern area
type lines
Basis of identification of persons through fingerprints
- principles of fingerprint
- galton details
- locard’s fingerprint principle of similarity
- fingerprint comparison
a. individuality
b. non-changeability
c. infallibility
principle of fingerprint
the comparison of two fingerprint patterns is governed with galton details ( 7 ridges characteristics)
Galton details
Locard’s fingerprint principle of similarity
12 matching points as a positive fingerprint identification
fingerprint comparison
question prints - prints found in the crime scene
standard prints - compared with those taken from the suspect
used his own fingerprints to sign his letters II thessalonians 3:17
Apostle paul
- first used fingerprints to sign contracts with native indians
Sir william herschel
- England
- first to document interest in
the skin ridges in the western world - His work was mainly are anatomical nature
Dr. Nehemiah Grew ( 1684)
Dr. Nehemiah Grew
- England
- first to document interest in
the skin ridges in the western world - His work was mainly are anatomical nature
- Plant morphologist
- De extremo tactus organo (1686
- less detailed about the surface of the hand
- 1.88 mm thick layer
- stratum malpighi
Professor Marcello Malpighi
Professor Marcello Malpighi
- Plant morphologist
- De extremo tactus organo (1686
- less detailed about the surface of the hand
- 1.88 mm thick layer
- stratum malpighi
- thesis entitled a commentary of physiological examination of organs of visions and the cutaneous system
- 9 fingerprints patterns classified in latin
Johannes Evangelista Purkinje(1823)
Johannes Evangelista Purkinje
- thesis entitled a commentary of physiological examination of organs of visions and the cutaneous system
- 9 fingerprints patterns classified in latin
- volar pads on the human fetus
- co authored “ Fingerprints, Palms, and soled- Intro to Dermatoglyphics
- refers to his paper chapter 10 Embryology
Harold Cummins (1929)
Harold Cummins (1929)
- volar pads on the human fetus
- co authored “ Fingerprints, Palms, and soled- Intro to Dermatoglyphics
- refers to his paper chapter 10 Embryology
- concluded that fingerprints don’t change and that fingerprints left on an object may lead to scientific identification of criminals
- use of printer ink as a method for obtaining such fingerprint (famous)
Dr. Henry Fauld (1880)
Dr. Henry Fauld (1880)
- concluded that fingerprints don’t change and that fingerprints left on an object may lead to scientific identification of criminals
- use of printer ink as a method for obtaining such fingerprint (famous)
- English naturalist
- Use engraving of his own fingerprint to identify books he published
Thomas Bewick
Thomas Bewick
- English naturalist
- Use engraving of his own fingerprint to identify books he published
first suggested 12 matching points as positive fingerprint identification
Edmond locard
Edmond locard
first suggested 12 matching points as positive fingerprint identification
- traced evidence examiner
- notice his own fingerprints developing on microscope slides
- mounting hairs from a taxi driver murder case
- relates information to masato soba
Fuseo matsumur
Fuseo matsumur
- traced evidence examiner
- notice his own fingerprints developing on microscope slides
- mounting hairs from a taxi driver murder case
- relates information to masato soba
- latent print examiner
- First to develop latent prints intentionally by superglue(r) fuming (cyanoacrylate)
Masato Soba
masato soba
- latent print examiner
- First to develop latent prints intentionally by superglue(r) fuming (cyanoacrylate)
-notorious gangster
-destroy his fingerprints by a corrosive acid
john herbert dillinger
-man without fingerprint
- committed burglary
- skin was remove from distal phalange down to regenerative dermal layer
Robert james pitts
- Dermal Papillae which damage the patterns of the ridges will no longer reapper
- change the appearance of the ridges
- 1 millimeter caused permanent damage of the ridges
- destruction of dermal papillae
Ridge destruction
