#1 Flashcards
What is the function of the ocular/eyepiece in a microscope?
Contains a lens normally with a 10 x magnification with pointer to aid in locating objects within the field of view.
What is the role of the arm handle in a microscope?
Attachment for other mechanical parts.
What does the revolving nosepiece do?
Holds and shifts the objectives.
What are the different types of objectives in a microscope?
- Scanner: 4x
- Low Power Objective: 10x
- High Power Objective: 40x
- Oil Immersion Objective: 100x
What is the purpose of the stage in a microscope?
Platform on which slide is positioned.
What do stage clips do?
Hold the slide in place and move the slide on the stage.
What is the function of the iris diaphragm?
Controls the amount of light.
What does the condenser do in a microscope?
Gathers light from the microscope’s light source and concentrates it into a cone of light that illuminates the specimen.
What is the light source/illuminator in a microscope?
Reflects light through the specimen.
What is the coarse adjustment knob used for?
Appropriate for focusing on Scanner or Low Power Objective.
What does the fine adjustment knob do?
For final focusing.
What is the base of a microscope?
Serves as a support for microscopes.
Fill in the blank: The stage micrometer and ocular micrometer are used for _______.
[Calculating Calibration]
What are the magnifications associated with different objectives?
- 4x (Scanner) = 25
- 10x (Low Power Objective) = 10
- 40x (High Power Objective) = 2.5
- 100x (Oil Immersion Objective) = 1
What are the characteristics of a compound microscope compared to a dissecting microscope?
- Compound Microscope: 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x (Lower), 2D, Inverted, Opposite of movement being done
- Dissecting Microscope: 5x, 50x (Higher), 3D, Upright, Aligned with movement being done
What are the three visible parts of an animal cell under a light microscope?
- Cell Membrane
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Surrounds the cell and regulates the flow of substances between the cell and its surroundings.
What is the nucleus of a cell?
Usually spherical or ovoid structure that contains the genetic material.
What is cytoplasm?
The substance outside the nucleus where the other structures such as organelles are located.
What stain is used to view cellular structures in human cheek cells?
Methylene blue.
What is the shape of frog stomach cells?
Fusiform/spindle.
What is the shape of frog ovary cells?
Spherical-shaped.
What is the shape of red blood cells in frogs?
Oval.
What is the shape of white blood cells in frogs?
Amorphous.
What is the shape of frog sperm cells?
Thread-like.
What is interphase in cell division?
The resting phase where the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide.
What occurs during the G1 phase of interphase?
Preparation phase where cell growth and the number of cytoplasmic structures increase.
What happens during the S phase of interphase?
DNA synthesis.
What is the role of chromatin during interphase?
Genetic material that appears as coiled, thickened, condensed structures forming chromosomes.
What occurs during prophase?
The chromatin fibers start to appear as coiled, thickened structures forming chromosomes.
What is the metaphase stage of mitosis?
The chromosomes are aligned at the equatorial region/metaphase plate.
What happens during anaphase?
Sister chromatids are pulled apart toward the opposite poles.
What occurs during telophase?
The plasma membrane starts to constrict at the region of the equatorial plate.
What is early cleavage in animal development?
Cleavage cells are called blastomeres that make up the embryo.
What is a blastula?
Cavity = blastocoel.
What does the ectoderm develop into?
CNS, sense organs, epidermis.
What does the mesoderm develop into?
Heart, muscles, urogenital system, vertebral column, dermis of the skin.
What does the endoderm develop into?
Lining of the intestinal tract, lungs.
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
- Protection of the skin
- Excretion of waste products in the kidney
- Special functions for the sensory organs through neuroepithelial cells.
What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?
- Highly cellular
- Avascular
- Presence of basement membrane.
What is simple epithelium?
- Mesothelium: Covers external surfaces of digestive organs, lungs, and heart
- Endothelium: Covers the lumina of heart chambers, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.
What is the function of goblet cells?
Secretes mucus.
What is transitional epithelium?
Lines the lumen of renal calyces, pelvis, ureters, and urinary bladder; designed to withstand stretching.
What is the role of the matrix in connective tissues?
Composed of ground substance and tissue fluid.
What are the types of connective tissues?
- Loose Connective Tissue
- Dense Connective Tissue
- Adipose Tissue
- Blood
- Cartilage
- Bone.
What type of fibers provide tensile strength and flexibility in connective tissue?
Collagen fibers.
What is the function of red blood cells?
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
What are the main types of white blood cells?
- Granulocytes
- Agranulocytes.
What is hyaline cartilage?
Most abundant type of cartilage, serves as a temporary skeleton for the fetus.
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a specialized form of connective tissue that becomes calcified due to mineral deposition.
[Bone]
What are the layers of the frog’s skin?
- Epidermis
- Dermis.
What is the tunica mucosa?
Inner layer of the stomach and intestines thrown into folds.
What are the layers of blood vessels?
- Tunica Intima
- Tunica Media
- Tunica Externa.
What is the structure of the spinal cord?
Inner = central canal > grey matter > white matter > dura mater.
