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1
Q

What is immunity?

A

State of increase resistance to disease

Immunity is the sum of all naturally occurring defense mechanisms to protect humans from infectious agents and their products.

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2
Q

What are the two main types of immunity?

A
  • Innate immunity (Natural or Non-Specific)
  • Acquired immunity (Adaptive or Specific)
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of innate immunity?

A
  • Pre-exist
  • Non adaptive
  • Non specific
  • No Memory
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4
Q

What are the components of innate immunity?

A
  • Mechanical Barriers
  • Humoral (Chemical) Barriers
  • Cellular Barriers
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5
Q

List examples of mechanical barriers in innate immunity.

A
  • Intact skin & Mucous membrane
  • Mucous
  • Beating cilia of epithelium
  • Flushing action of saliva, tears, urine
  • Vomiting, peristalsis, diarrhea
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6
Q

What are humoral barriers in innate immunity?

A
  • Tears (Lysozyme)
  • Saliva (Enzymes)
  • Skin (Sebaceous secretions)
  • Gastric acid
  • Bile acids
  • Trypsin
  • Lactoferrin, Transferrin
  • Complement components
  • Interferons
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7
Q

What is the function of interferons?

A
  • Induce an anti-viral state in uninfected cells
  • Enhance T-cell activity
  • Activate macrophages
  • Increase cytotoxic action of NK cells
  • Enhance expression of MHC molecules
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8
Q

What are the types of interferons?

A
  • Alpha-IFN (Secreted by Macrophages)
  • Beta-IFN (Secreted by Fibroblasts)
  • Gamma-IFN (Secreted by T-lymphocytes)
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9
Q

What defines natural killer (NK) cells?

A

Large granular lymphocytes that are innate cytotoxic lymphocytes

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10
Q

What factors contribute to innate immunity?

A
  • Inflammatory process
  • Body temperature
  • Hormonal balance
  • Age
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11
Q

What are the two interrelated mechanisms of acquired (adaptive) immunity?

A
  • Humoral Immunity (B-cells)
  • Cellular Immunity (T-cells)
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12
Q

What are the characteristics of adaptive immunity?

A
  • Ability to distinguish self from foreign
  • Antigenic specificity
  • Immunologic memory
  • Diversity
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13
Q

Define the primary immune response.

A
  • There is lag phase
  • IgM class
  • Low affinity Ab
  • Ab titer is low
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14
Q

Define the secondary immune response.

A
  • No lag phase
  • IgG class
  • High affinity Ab
  • Ab titer is high
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15
Q

What distinguishes active immunity from passive immunity?

A
  • Active immunity is induced after contact with foreign antigen
  • Passive immunity is based on antibodies preformed in another host
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16
Q

What are the two types of active acquired immunity?

A
  • Natural active acquired immunity
  • Artificial active acquired immunity
17
Q

What are the two types of passive acquired immunity?

A
  • Naturally passive acquired immunity
  • Artificially passive acquired immunity
18
Q

What is the difference between antigens and immunogens?

A
  • Antigens react with antibodies
  • Immunogens induce an immune response
19
Q

List the criteria of immunogenicity.

A
  • Foreignness
  • Chemical structure
  • Molecular weight
  • Dose, Route of Ag administration
  • Genetic constituents of host
  • Antigenic determinants (Epitopes)
20
Q

What is an epitope?

A

The portion of antigen with which antibodies and T-cell receptors react

21
Q

What is the function of adjuvants?

A

Enhance the immune response to an immunogen

22
Q

What is a hapten?

A

A small organic molecule that is non-antigenic and non-immunogenic

23
Q

What is the significance of the valence of an antigen?

A

It is equal to the total number of epitopes that the antigen possesses

24
Q

True or False: The innate immune system is enhanced by repeated exposure.

A

False

25
Q

Fill in the blank: The immune system has _____ arms, innate and adaptive.

A

[two]

26
Q

What is the role of the adaptive immune system?

A

Specific, diverse, self-limiting, capable of self versus non-self recognition, & displays memory

Bb (4 decks)

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