1 Flashcards
hypovalent
less than 8 around central atom: boron and aluminum
hypervalent: more than 8 electrons around central atom
___ transfer electrons to ____
metals, nonmetals
metals losing electrons creates a ______
cation
nonmetals gaining electrons creates a ____
anion
____ bonds are stronger than _____ bonds
ionic, vocalent
considerations for choosing most reasonable lewis structure
- if possible, choose structure with formal charge of 0 on all atoms. if not, smallest nonzero charges.
- When charges are present, like charges should not be adjacent
- negative formal charge should be on the most electronegative atom
electron groups are ____
bonding/nonbonding electrons around central atom
what happens when some regions on an atom have higher electron density than others
push less electron dense regions closer to each other, reducing bond angle
_________ is the separation of charge called by permanent unequal sharing of electrons
dipole moment
making bonds ______ energy
releases
breaking bonds ________ energy
absorbs
bond length
0 to the lowest point on the potential energy graph
bond energy
potential energy lost at reaching lowest point; length of line as it moves from lowest point back up towards 0
a solvent is _______
highest concentration in the solution
a solute is _____
lower concentration in the solution
molarity (M) =
moles of solute (n) / L of solution (L)
how to identify limiting reagent
- get balanced equation
- calculate amount of product each reactant could produce if it were limiting
- compare amounts
(mass of element) x (molar mass of element) x (ratio of product moles to element moles)
