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Protection of the environment > 1 > Flashcards

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1
Q

Eutrophication, Causes and Consequences

A

Eutrophication: is the enrichment of water with Nitrogen and Phosphorus which causes the excessive growth of Algae and Phytoplankton

Occurs in lakes and slow-flowing rivers

Causes: Most commonly from Animal waste, fertiliser and sewage

Consequences:
1. Changes in water turbidity and O2 levels
2. Increase growth of algae
3. Precursors of Trihalomethanes - potential human carcinogens
4. Higher presence of dissolved organic substances and the presence ofmore particulates
5. Changes in dissolved oxygen

Health implications: Some algae, phytoplankton can produce Neurotoxins, Hepatotoxins, Cytotoxins, Endotoxing - very toxic to humans, animals

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2
Q

Differences in preventative and focal disinfection

A

Preventative: Mechanical cleaning is carried out after removing of manure, all organic matter and dirt from animal houses

Focal: Manure and organic matter must be disinfected before it is removed from the house

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3
Q

The aim of preventative disinfection

A

Elimination of the pathogens, decrease bacterial load and improving the hygiene in animal housings

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4
Q

Methods of rodent control

A

Complex of measures are directed at killing noxious, economically harmul rodents

Methods are:
1. Mechanical - traps (snap, catch, electronic)
2. Physical - water, sound
3. Biological - cats, dogs
4. Chemical - Rodenticides (Acute 6-24h, Subacute 3-6 days, Chronic 6-10 days)

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5
Q

Chlorine compounds, Mechanisms of action, Division, Properties, Using in %

A

Have good Bactericidal and Viricidal effects, effective against Gram + and Gram -, Viruses and Spores

Mechanism of action: Affects the Permeability of the outer cell membrane, Oxidation, Fat oxidation, changes in pH, destruction of Enzymatic system

Division into Inorganic and Organic substanses
1. Hypochlorites - Inorganic chlorine compounds
a) Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
-Unstable (prepare fresh) - Liquid
-Active chlorine 15% Minimum
-Preventive: 2-3%
-Focal: 4-10%
b) Chlorinated lime (CaClOCl) - Calcium hypochlorite
-Unstable - Powder
-Active chlorine 33-36%, min 15%
-Preventive: 2-3%
-Focal: 5% (devitalise spores and mycobacteria)

  1. Chloramins - Organic chlorine compounds
    a) Chloramine T
    -Stable
    -Active chlorine 25-30%
    -Preventive: 2-3%
    -Spores: 10%
    b) Dikonyt
    -Stable - Surace spray
    -Active chlorine 55-60% (activation @ 50-60°C)
    -Devitalise spores and mycobacteria
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6
Q

Aldehydes, Mechanism of action, Properties, Using in%

A

Highly effective broad spectrum disinfectants for bacteria, viruses, fungi, spores, mycobacteria

Mechanism of action: Have an effect on enzymatic systems, denaturation of proteins, disrupt nucleic acids

Properties: Unstable - Liquid, Vapour, Gas
-No disinectant effect under 15°C
-Spray form: 2% or 10%
-Aerosol: 25ml/m3 - 6 hours or overnight
-Vapour: Needs humidity of 70-90%

Use: 28-40%, 30%min

Alkaline formaldehyde (formalin) - Focal: 3% - Spores and Mycobacteria

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7
Q

Sanitation includes:

A
  1. Disinfection
  2. Insect control
  3. Rodent control
  4. Proper disposal of wastes
  5. Removal and treatment of excrements and cadavers
  6. Hygiene of the environment
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8
Q

Chemical parameters in drinking water, Limits and Impact on organim

A

Chemical parameters:
1. Indicator of potential faecal pollution: NH3, NO2, NO3
2. Substances affecting sensorial properties: Fe
3. Substances released from pipelines and during treatment of portable water
4. Disinectants and products of disinfection Cl2, THMs
5. Metals: Cd, Hg, Pb, As, Cu, Cr
6. Element desirable up to certain level: Ca, Mg, DO

Limits and impact:
1. Cadmium: 5μg/L
2. Mercury: 1 μg/L
3. Arsenic: 0.01 mg/L = consequence is intellectual impairment
4. Ammonia (NH4+): 0.5 mg/L = consequence is eutrophication
5. Nitrites (NO2): 0.1 mg/L = consequence is methemoglominemia
6. Nitrates (NO3): 50 mg/L adults, 15 mg/L youngs = consequence is methemoglobinemia
7. Chlorides (Cl-): 100mg/L
8. Iron (Fe+): 0.2 mg/L
9. Phosphates: 1.0 mg/L
10. Active chlorine (Cl2): 0.3 mg/L = consequence is risk off production of Reihalomethanes (THM)
11. Chemical oxygene demand: 3.0 mg/L
12. Water hardness Ca+, Mg+: 1.1-5 mmol/L
13. Dissolved oxygen (DO) > 50%
14. Conductivity: 125.0 mS/m
15. pH: 6.5-9.5 = consequence can be carcinogen and contribute to cardiovascular disease

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9
Q

Acids, Mechanism of action, Division, Properties, Using in %

A

Acids are the strongest disinectants. Effective against Gram +, Gram -, Viruses and Fungi

Mechanism of action:
1. Oxidation
2. Dehydration
3. Destruction of enzymatic system
4. Lower pH
5. Disrupt cellular wall permeability
6. Denaturation of proteins

Division into Inorganic and Organic acids
1. Inorganic acids
a)Hydrochloric acid (HCl) = Skin disinfectant, Spores
b)Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) = used with Cresol 1:3 for Focal, Tuberculosis and clostridium
c)Nitric acid (HNO3) = 0.3-0.5%, bacteria and spores in food industry
d)Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) = 1.5%-3%, for manure and soil

2.Organic acids
a)Peracetic acid = Active ingredient: 32-36% (15%min)
b)Lactic acid = Used to disinfect air, 5mg/m3

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10
Q

Definition of disinection

A

Means elimination of infectious and hygienically harmul microorganisms that may cause disease or affect adversely the health of animals and humans

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11
Q

Indicator of hazard in drinking water, Methods of determination, Limits, Impact on organism

A
  1. Enterobacteriaceae
    -Method: Membrane filtration
    -Specific agar: Endo agar @37°C for 24h
  2. E. coli
    -Method: Membrane filtration
    -Specific agar: @43°C for 24h
  3. Enterococci
    -Method: Membrane filtration
    -Specific agar: Slantez Blaney @37°C for 24h

Limits in mass supply: 0 in 100ml
Individual supply: 0 in 10ml

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12
Q

Control of disinfection effectivness

A

Bacteriological method is the most objective, indicator microorganisms are controlled before and after disinfection using sterile swabs

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13
Q

Continuous-preliminary disinfection must be preformed

A

Continually during shedding pathogenic agents from sick animals into environment, will be repeated during the disease process and continue with final focal disinfection

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14
Q

What is secondary poisoning (in rodent control) and how we prevent it?

A

Secondary poisonong is when one animal consumes a rodent poisoned. Prevention - pulsation method consist of placing low quantities of toxic baits, repeat palcing baits is practised for 6-7 days

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15
Q

Physical disinfection includes

A
  1. Heat
  2. Cold
  3. Desiccation
  4. Radiation
  5. UV
  6. Ozone
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16
Q

Hydroxides, Mechanism of action, Division, Properties, Using in %

A

Hydroxides are Alkali disinfectants, Corrosive and Active against Gram+ and Gram- bacteria and Viruses

Method of action:
1. Changes the pH
2. Destruction of cell structures
3. Hydrolyzation of proteins

Divisions
1. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
-Lye, Caustic soda, Spray form
-Activation @70-80°C, Unstable in storage
-Gram-: 1%
-Gram+: 3-5%
-Viruses: 2-4%
-Spores: 5-10%
2. Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)
-Similar to NaOH, present in some cleaning products
3. Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
-Milk suspension: 20% on surfaces, non spore forming bacteria, bactericidal on Acid resistant mycobacteria
-CaO-lime: 3% on soil, slurry and manure, corrosive to zinc, aluminium and tin
4. Ammonium Hydroxide
-Used for Coccidia oocysts

17
Q

Which all factors affect the effectiveness of disinfection

A
  1. Resistance of microorganisms
  2. Effect of disinfectant
  3. Character of the environment
  4. Temperature of disinfectant and of environment
  5. Concentration of solution
  6. Quantity of used disinfectant
  7. Exposure time
  8. Number of application of disinfectant solution
18
Q

Definition of sanitation

A

Sanitation is a complex of measures which are directed to removal, inactivation or killing of the agents of infections in the external environment

19
Q

Use of sanitation

A

Sanitation uses an antimicrobial measures on objects, surfaces or living tissue to reduce the number of disease-causing organisms to non-threatening levels

20
Q

Chemical rodenticides, Division, Chatacterisation, Using

A

Aim to kill harmful rodents by use of bait materials similar to feed

Division:
1. Acute = rapid acting, death within 6-24h
-Alphachiloralose, Norbromide, Zinc phosphide, Aluminium phosphide, red squil
-HCl reaction in stomach produce toxic hydrogen phosphide
2. Sub-acute = death after 3-6 days
-Quintox, Calcitox, Slovtox
-Cause hypervitaminosis, death by heart attack due to calcium disturbances
3. Chronic = slow acting, death within 4-10 days
-Anticoagulants e.g. warfarin, brodifacoum, brimdialone
-Changes the blood ability to clot= bleeding to death

21
Q

Focal disinfection means

A

Eradication of pathogens at the focus of inection, to interrupt disease transmission

22
Q

Stages of disinfection in focal disinfection

A
  1. Preparatory works
  2. Disinection
  3. Mechanical cleaning
  4. Control of disinfection effectiveness
  5. Protocol
23
Q

Methods used for mechanical cleaning include

A
  1. Mechanical methods
  2. Hot water under pressure
  3. Detergent (soda)

Up to 90% microorganisms are removed from the environment

24
Q

Iodine compounds, Mechanism of action, Properties, Using in %

A

Used on skin, aqueous and alcoholic solutions that has Bactericidal and Virucidal effects

Mechanism of action:
1. Denaturation of proteins
2. Interferes with the enzymatic system of microorganisms

Use:
1. Iodonal A = 1.75% active iodine (12.5% phosphoric acid)
-Preventive: 2-4%
-Focal: 5-6%
2. Iodonal B = 1.66% active iodine
3. Iodonal M = 1.6% active iodine
-Treatment of udder: 2-4%
-Teat dipping: 20%

E.g. Betadine

25
Q

Preventative disinfection is preformed

A

Minimally 2 times per year in continous animal housing, and after every batch of animals in the all-in-all-out housing

26
Q

Disinfection of excrements and soil use

A
  1. Lime 3%
  2. Peracetic acid 0.3-0.5%
  3. Phosphoric acid 1-1.5%
27
Q

Objects of disinfection

A

Disinfection of instruments, equipment, working clothes, footwear, air, water, excrements, soil, vehicles

28
Q

What unstable disinfectants do you know?

A
  1. Peracetic acid (Persteril, 32-36%, min 15%, liquid) can be applied in spraying or aerosol form
  2. Chlorinated lime (Powder, 33-36%, min 15% of active ingredient) in spraying form
  3. Formaldehyde (Formalin, 38-40%, min 30%) can be used in liquid, vapour form
29
Q

Important groups of synthetic insecticides, Mechanism of action

A
  1. Synthetic pyrethroids = Sodium channel modulators, Killing/Knock out effect
  2. Organophosphates = Act as stomach, contact and respiratory poisons, cholinesterase inhibitors
  3. Neonicotinoid = Neuroactive systemic insecticide, mimics the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
  4. Carbamates = Cholinesterase inhibitors
  5. Chlorinated hydrocarbons = Nerve poison
  6. Fumigants = Highly poisonous
  7. Inorganic synthetic insecticides = give accumulation of residues
30
Q

Describe bait boxes and pre-baiting

A

Bait boxes = Box with 2 openings of 6-7cm in diameter, covered, contain the bait and protect it from weather, people and other animals

Pre-baiting = Are pracement of non-poisoned baits, they are used to create high bait acceptanve before utilization of the real toxic bait

31
Q

Mechanical cleaning is directed

A

To removal of organic, undesirable matter from surfaces tha may protect microorganisms from the contact with the disinfectant (biofilm) in the animal house

32
Q

Pyrethroids use, advantages

A

Method of action: Sodium channel modulator > disrupts axonal transmission > continous nerve impulse transmission > tremor and death

Rapid killing effect, low toxicity to mammals and birds, highly toxic to fish and bees, degrades rapidly in soil

Safe to use in public health and industrial pest control, timber protection, moth-proofing, grain protection, horticulture and agricultural crop protection

33
Q

Methods of disinfection of drinking water

A
  1. Active chlorine
    -Risk of THM formation, residual active chlorine 0.05-0.3 mg/l
  2. Disinfection with ClO2
    -Advantage: dosen’t form THM, lower contact time and destroys biofilm
  3. UV radiation
    -Photochemical damage to nucleic acids, effective against viruses and in higher doses also on cysts, no residual effect
  4. Ozone
    -More expensive, doesn’t leave a residue, more powerful oxidant then ClO2
34
Q

Development of resistance in rodent control

A

Caused by repeated use of the same rodenticide and is more common with chronic rodenticides (e.g. warfarin) and multidose rodenticides

35
Q

Microbiological control, Disinection effectiveness, Procedure and Resluts

A

Most objective rest to show efficiency of disinfection activities
-Minimum of 30 sterile swabs
1. Preventive disinfection = Quantitative
-Total number of Microorganisms + Indicatior Microorganisms, Area 10cm2, physiological solution
-Evaluation: min of 90% must be negative, max 10% positive
2. Focal disinfection = Qualitative
-Indicator microorganisms, area 100cm2, selective liquid broth
-Evaluation: NO swab can be positive, all have to be negative

36
Q

Peracetic acid preparations, Method of action, Properties, Using in %

A

Unstable organic acids
1. Persteril: 32-36% min 15%
2. Pedox: 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.9%
-Works on bacteria, viruses, spores, fungi, mycobacteria and algae. Effective in a wide range of external temperatures 10-20°C
3. Peracetic and Lactic acid: 5ml/m3

37
Q

Aim of preventive disinfection in different animal housing

A

Aim is to decrease the microbial load in the environment, eradicate pathogens and decrease levels of all microorganisms

System of housing
1. All in all out = preformed after each removal of animals from the house before the next batch come
2. Continous = minimum disinfection is 2 times per year

Protection of the environment (2 decks)

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