1 Flashcards
- serve as chamber and magazine
Cylinder
- connecting pivot between frame and cylinder.
Yoke
- serve as the locking device for the cylinder
Center Pin
- device used to help in the withdrawal of the cartridge of shells from the chamber of the cylinder
Ratchet
- where the primer imparts ignition to the gun powder.
Flash hole/Vent
The passage way for priming mixture to impart an ignition to the propellant charge.
Flash hole/Vent
which is actually occupied by the bullet.
Neck part of shell
- cylindrical groove at the mouth designed for 2 purpose
Crimp
Hold bullet and prevent it from being pull out from shell
Crimp
To offers resistance to the bullet out of the neck to ensure burning of the gunpowder
Crimp
- part of cartridge case which support the neck of the cartridge case
Shoulder
- secure the shell to the chamber as well as prevent bullet from being push down to the powder charge
Cannelure
refers to loaded shell for rifles, muskets, carbine, shotgun, revolvers and pistols from which a ball, shot shell or other missiles maybe fired by means of gun powder or other explosive. The term also includes ammunition for air rifles as as mentioned elsewhere in the code.
Ammunition
refers to a group of cartridge or to a single cartridge.
Ammunition
is a complete unfired unit consisting of bullet (ball, primer (cap), cartridge case (shell and gunpowder (propellant).
Cartridge
projectile propelled through the barrel of a firearm by, means of the expansive force of gases coming from burning gunpowder
Bullet
; tubular metallic container for the gunpowder,
Cartridge case
“shell” or “casing”
- The powder charge which, when ignited by the primer flash, is converted to heated gas under high pressure and propels the bullet or shots charge through the barrel and to the target propellant charge.
Gunpowder
The metal cup containing the highly sensitive priming mixture of chemical compound, which when hit or struck by the firing pin would ignite. Such action is called percussion “
Primer
General types of Ammunition
- Dummy is used as a model
- Drill Ammunition is without gun powder
- Black Ammunition is without bullet
- Live Ammunition
is used as a model
Dummy
is without gun powder
Drill Ammunition
is without bullet
Black Ammunition
The word cartridge was derived from the Latin word “Charta” meaning
paper
from the French word cartouche meaning -
a rolled paper
Classification of Cartridge According to the Location of the Primer
- Pin-fire is a type of cartridge in which the ignition cap (primer) is concealed inside
the cartridge case and has a pin resting upon it. - Rim fire is a type of cartridge in which the priming mixture is located at the hallow
rim of the case. - Center fire it refers to a cartridge in which primer cup (ignition cap) is centrally
placed in the base of the cartridge case and the priming mixture is exploded by
the impact of the firing pin and with the support of the anvil.
is a type of cartridge in which the ignition cap (primer) is concealed inside the cartridge case and has a pin resting upon it.
Pin-fire
is a type of cartridge in which the priming mixture is located at the hallow rim of the case.
Rim fire
it refers to a cartridge in which primer cup (ignition cap) is centrally placed in the base of the cartridge case and the priming mixture is exploded by the impact of the firing pin and with the support of the anvil.
Center fire
- cartridge is giving a muzzle velocity of less than 1,850 ft/ sec.
Low powder
- 1925 to 2500 ft/sec.
High powder
- Over 2500 ft/sec.
High intensity
PARTS OF SHOTGUN AMMUNITION
- Shot Cap (Stirrup) - a plastic cáp that holds the shots.
- Tube (Shell Case/ Hull - comparable to shell/casing of ammunition of long/short
arms. - Crimp - being bent inward to hold the shot in place.
- Gunpowder - the thing that is being ignited that causes the tremendous pushing
of bullet. - Primer - collective term for chemical priming compound, primer cup, anvil, and
battery cup that is being struck to ignite the powder. - Wad - a disk made of paper, used to hold the powder or shot.
- Lead shot - small steel or lead pellets of different sizes.
- a plastic cáp that holds the shots.
Shot Cap (Stirrup)
- comparable to shell/casing of ammunition of long/short
arms.
Tube (Shell Case/ Hull)
- being bent inward to hold the shot in place.
Crimp
- the thing that is being ignited that causes the tremendous pushing of bullet.
Gunpowder
- collective term for chemical priming compound, primer cup, anvil, and battery cup that is being struck to ignite the powder.
Primer
- a disk made of paper, used to hold the powder or shot.
Wad
- small steel or lead pellets of different sizes.
Lead shot
Types of Lead Shots
● Soft or Drop Shots = made by pure or nearly pure lead, to which a small amount of arsenic has been added to make it take on the form of a spherical drop as it falls down the shot tower. This type is easy to deformed or flattened, loose their velocity quicker, low penetrating power and string out more,
● Chilled or Hard Shot = is a type of shot with a small amount of antimony mixed with lead to increase hardness. It does no deform easily, better patterns, less string and more uniform velocity and penetration.
● Coated or Plated Shot = also called as “lubaloy” shot. A chilled shot coated with thin copper through electroplating design for greater strength and elasticity, great resistance to deformation and leading and better pattern.
● Buck Shot = a large size lead shot for used in shotgun
made by pure or nearly pure lead, to which a small amount
of arsenic has been added to make it take on the form of a spherical drop as it falls down the shot tower.
Soft or Drop Shots
This type is easy to deformed or flattened, loose their
velocity quicker, low penetrating power and string out more
Soft or Drop Shots
is a type of shot with a small amount of antimony mixed
with lead to increase hardness.
Chilled or Hard Shot
It does no deform easily, better patterns, less string and more uniform velocity and penetration.
Chilled or Hard Shot =
also called as “lubaloy” shot
Coated or Plated Shot
A chilled shot coated with thin copper through electroplating design for greater strength and elasticity, great resistance to deformation and leading and better pattern.
Coated or Plated Shot
Kinds of Shots/ Pellets
- Birdshot - consists of small pellets loaded in a shotgun shell.
- Buckshot - consists of lead balls
- Slug - single slug with angled grooves cut into its side to spin it. This refers to Sabot slug.
- Tungsten-iron Shot - formed from powdered tungsten and iron, blended together and pressed into a pellet.
- Flechette shot - a cluster of sturdy steel needles with tiny fins at their base to stabilize them in flight.
- consists of small pellets loaded in a shotgun shell
Birdshot
- consists of lead balls
Buckshot
- single slug with angled grooves cut into its side to spin it.
Slug
This refers to Sabot slug.
- formed from powdered tungsten and iron, blended together and pressed into a pellet.
Tungsten-iron Shot
- a cluster of sturdy steel needles with tiny fins at their base to stabilize them in flight.
Flechette shot
- This is the shelf life of a new cartridge if components or parts used are commercially virgins. The life of an ammunition depends on the manner of storage:
20-40 years
- the prócess of military storage of ammunition or arms. Done by making a concrete bunker with walls about a foot thick and then covered. Ammo may reach 40 years with no degradation
Igloo
It refers to the complete composition of a bullet, shell, gunpowder, and a primer that is capable of exploding.
Cartridge is also known as ammunition
This refers to the tubular casing or shell of an ammunition that holds the bullet and contains the gunpowder
Cartridge Case is also known as shell or casing.
FUNCTIONS OF SHELL.
- Houses the bullet, gunpowder and primer
- Serves as waterproof container of gunpowder.
- Prevents escape of gases despite of pressure
PARTS OF SHELL
- Mouth- the edge of shell’s opening.
- Crimp - part of mouth that is turned in upon the bullet.
- Shell Cannelures - are the serrated groves around the neck
4, Neck - occupied by the bullet.
5, Shoulder - supports the neck. - Body - contains gunpowder
- Extracting groove - the circular groove near the base of the shell designed for the
automatic withdrawal of the case after firing. - Rim - limits the forward travel of cartridges into the chamber.
- Primer - located at central base that contains the priming mixture
- Shell head- the base portion that contains the head stamp
- the edge of shell’s opening.
Mouth
- part of mouth that is turned in upon the bullet.
Crimp
- are the serrated groves around the neck
Shell Cannelures
- occupied by the bullet.
Neck
- supports the neck.
Shoulder
- contains gunpowder
Body
- the circular groove near the base of the shell designed for the automatic withdrawal of the case after firing.
Extracting groove
- limits the forward travel of cartridges into the chamber.
Rim
- located at central base that contains the priming mixture
Primer
- the base portion that contains the head stamp
Shell head
- is used secure the bullet in the shell to avoid being moved or loosened from its gripped.
Crimp
TYPES OF CRIMP
- Stab or Ring Crimp - used only on jacketed ammo that consts of dimples or grooves pressed into the mouth,
- Taper Crimp - used in the cartridge with headspace on the cartridge case mouth with lead bullets.
- Roll Crimp - located at the neck that is rolled into the groove of the bullet.
- used only on jacketed ammo that consts of dimples or
grooves pressed into the mouth,
Stab or Ring Crimp
- used in the cartridge with headspace on the cartridge case mouth with lead bullets.
Taper Crimp
- located at the neck that is rolled into the groove of the bullet.
Roll Crimp
- the diameter of the rim is greater than the diameter of the body of the cartridge case,
eg. caliber .38 special and caliber .22.
RIMMED TYPE
- the diameter of the rim is slightly greater than the diameter of the body of the cartridge
case. eg. caliber .25, .32 auto, super .38.
SEMI-RIMMED TYPE
- the diameter of the rim is equal with the diameter of the body of the cartridge case,
e.g. caliber .5.56mm, .30,.9mm, .45.
RIMLESS TYPE
-the diameter of the rim is smaller than the diameter of the body of the cartridge case.
eg. caliber 8 mm x 59.
REBATED TYPE
- there is a protruding metal around the body of the cartridge case near the rim.
e.g. caliber 338 magnum, 13.9 x 99.
BELTED TYPE
It refers to a complete unit of unfired cartridge consisting of the pellets, primer, case, wads and gunpowder.
Shotgun Cartridge
The unit of measurement used in shotgun is expressed in ___.
Gauge
At present the ____ shotgun is considered with the biggest diameter while the_____ as the smallest one.
10-gauge
.410
the ignition component of cartridge primers are used for igniting propellant.
Primer
A blow from the firing pin on the prime cup compresses the priming composition to detonate.
Primer
This detonation produces flame which passes through the vent or flesh hole in the cartridge case, igniting the gunpowder.
primer
THE COMPOSITION OF A PRIMER
Potassium Chlorate - 45%
Antimony Sulfide - 23%
Fulminate of Mercury- 32%
is the ignition system of the cartridge used in a center fire
type, containing a highly sensitive chemical compound that would easily ignite or bursts into flame when struck by the firing pin.
Primer (also called, CAP)
The Berdan is a type of primer construction, which was designed in 1860s by ___
Colonel Hiram S. Berdan of the US Army Ordinance Department.
___ the anvil is built into the primer pocket of the case, rather than the primer.
Berdan primer
These cases cannot be de-capped and reloaded by standard reloading tools.
Berdan primer
Its anvil forms part of the cartridge case and a number of flasholes to serve as the passage of ignition, usually two (2).
Berdan primer
The boxer on the other hand, was developed by ___
Col. Edward M. Boxer of the Royal Laboratory at Woolwich Arsenal in the year 1866
____the anvil is a separate stirrup piece that sits inverted in the primer cup providing sufficient resistance to the impact of the firing pin.
Boxer primer
The primer pocket in the case head has a single flash-hole in its center. This positioning makes little or no difference to the performance of the round, but it makes fired primers vastly easier to remove for reloading
Boxer primer
Parts of the Primer
- Primer Cup
2 Priming mixture - Anvil
- Disc or thin paper or foil
- A small metal cup, into which the primer mixture is loaded.
Primer Cup
The capsule that is open to one side into which the anvil and the primer ignition material are inserted
Primer Cup
- serves to ignite the main powder
Charge/Primer Compound/Primer Mix/Pellet
acts as a shield for the pellet, protecting it from moisture and other disruptive influences that may effect performance or reliability.
Paper Disc - (Foil)
the point against which the priming compound is crushed to detonate the primer.
Anvil
An internal metal component in a boxer primer assembly against which the priming mixture is crushed by the firing pin blow
Anvil
-allow the flash of the primer to reach the inside of the case and ignites the gunpowder.
Vent/Flash Hole
The explosive ignites and shoots a flame through the flash hole igniting the propellant to fire the cartridge.
Vent/Flash Hole
Types of Priming Mixture Compound
- Corrosives - one consisting potassium chlorate added with antimony sulfide and mercury fulminate, which when ignite produces moisture causing formation of rust in the
bore of the firearm. - Non-corrosives - one which is designed for less chances of rusting by replacing the potassium chlorate with barium nitrate
- one consisting potassium chlorate added with antimony sulfide and mercury fulminate, which when ignite produces moisture causing formation of rust in the bore of the firearm.
Corrosives
- one which is designed for less chances of rusting by replacing the potassium chlorate with barium nitrate
Non-corrosives
- any of various powder used in firearms as propellant charge.
Gunpowder
The inventor of gunpowder is ______ a Franchiscan monk in the town of Freiburg in Germany,
BETHOLD SCHWARTZ, (real name is CONSTANTIN ANKLITZEN)
is that mixture of chemicals of various compositions designed to propel the projectile by means of its expansive force of gas when burned.
Gunpowder (also called as propellant or Power Charge)
Two of the most popular individual whose name is always attached to gunpowder discovery were ____.
Roger Bacon and Bethold Schwartz
Black powder, the oldest known explosive, was initially made from
saltpeter (75%), charcoal (15%) and sulfur (10%).
It is a propellant which when fired, produces large volumes of gravish smoke and considerable amount of residue left in the barrel of the gun.
black powder
Black powder have three qualities which are typical in all explosives;
1) when ignited, it will burn rapidly by itself, without the aid of the air outside 2) in burning, it gives off a large amount of gas and, 3) A considerable amount of heat is produced.
is a propellant which when fired, does not give off huge cloud of white smoke like black powder. It is the most powerful propellants.
The smokeless powder
made the 1st sucest used of smokeless powder in shotgun in the year 1864.
Captain E. Schultze of the Prussian Army
The basic ingredient used for smokeless powder is a
nitrocellulose that was first produced by adding a nitric acid to cellulose fiber
consists of jet black and rather shiny grains, Although black powder has been in use for about six centuries, and although improved methods of manufacture have naturally led to efficiency in action.
Black Powder
Black Powder composition
i. Potassium nitrate - 75 %
ii. Charcoal - 15 %
iii. Sulphur - 10 %
Composition of smokeless powder
a mixture of nitrocellulose 60 parts, nitroglycerine 35 parts and Vaseline 5 parts
There are three types of smokeless powder
● Single Base- contains nitrocellulose
● Double base- contains nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine
● Triple base- contains nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine and nitroguanidine
- contains nitrocellulose
Single Base
- contains nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine
Double base
- contains nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine and nitroguanidine
Triple base
Produces very little smoke when burned
Smokeless powder
The reason that they are smokeless is that the combustion products are mainly gaseous.
- a projectile propelled from a firearm. A metallic or non-metallic cylindrical projectile
Bullet
bullet is Originated From French word “boulette”, meaning
a small ball
This term is generally used when we are referring to projectile fired from any small arms, which has a variety of form, especially during the earlier history.
bullet
refers to a metallic or non-metallic cylindrical ball propelled from a firearm it is sometimes called as shots or slugs.
bullet
● They are usually pointy, round, or even flat. Wound channels are typically small and go through a target.
FULL METAL JACKET
Great for the range but is not preferred for defensive rounds.
FULL METAL JACKET
This is the most common type of FMJ bullet.
Round nose (RN):
It has a rounded tip and a fat base and is typically used for target shooting and training.
Round nose (RN)
This specific ammunition is completely covered in a
metal jacket and features a flat nose at the front of the bullet.
Full metal jacket flat nose
increases the surface area for impact and is helpful when protecting yourself or hunting.
The flat nose
This FMJ bullet has a tapered base that reduces drag and
improves long range accuracy.
Boat-tail (BT)
It is commonly used in military and long-range
shooting applications.
Boat-tail (BT)
This FMJ bullet has a pointed tip and a boat-tail base, making it more aerodynamic and accurate at long ranges.
spitzer
It is commonly used in hunting and long-range shooting applications.
Spitzer
This type of ammunition has a conical shape with a flat top and is fully encased in a metal jacket.
Full metal jacket truncated cone
The truncated cone shape can provide better penetration and be used for hunting and target shooting
Full metal jacket truncated cone
is a type of a bullet that is basically composed of lead metal.
Lead Type
Its used was due to its density; having a good weight is a small size and easy for casting
Lead Type
– Is a type of bullet consisting of the regular lead core, coated with a copper alloy in order to prevent lead fouling of the barrel and is generally used in pistols and other high power guns.
Jacketed Type
Purpose of Jacket of Bullet
● To prevent adherence of lead or metal inside the gun barrel
● To have better penetration of the bullet to the target
the free end of the bullet is tapering and pointed
CONICAL
the free end is dome-like and commonly observed in short firearm
HEMISPHERICAL
the free end is flattened commonly used in target
practices
WAD CUTTER (SQUARE NOSE)
- the free end has a small hole and intends to turn
mushroomed on impact
HOLLOW-POINT BULLET
– soft metal round nose bullet
REVOLVER
– Full jacketed bullet
RIFLE AND SELF-LOADING FIREARM
– semi- jacketed bullet
AUTOMATIC FIREARM
– Is a type of bullet, which is intended for anti-personnel and general use
Ball Type
– is a type of military bullet designed to penetrate light steel armor.
Armor piercing
Its mechanical construction makes it capable of penetrating through some light vehicles
Armor piercing
- Is a small bullet containing a charge of explosive, which will detonate on impact
Explosive Bullet
–Type of military bullet used to cause fire in a target, generally designed to use by aircraft armament in order for the fuel tanks to ignite
Incendiary Bullet
– a type of military bullet capable of leaving visible marks or traces while in flight giving the gunner the chance to observe the strike of the shot or make adjustments in the event of a miss
Tracer Bullet
- pierce targets using a single bullet
PENETRATORS
- burst before hitting their target, fragmenting into thousands of penetrating pieces or becoming a high-speed jet of molten metal
HIGH EXPLOSIVES
- break open near the target to deliver leaflets, radar-deceiving materials, or submunitions (small ammunition).
CARRIER PROJECTILES
This is used by law enforcement officials to subdue rioters without causing serious
injury.
RIOT CONTROL AMMUNITION
Most of this ammunition consists of hard rubber bullets.
RIOT CONTROL AMMUNITION
The simplest form of modern cartridge
rim fire
In this type, the priming mixture is contained or located in a cavity inside and around the rim of the cartridge which is a very sensitive area
rim fire
This denotes or ignites the priming mixture, causing a flash of flame.
rim fire
If struck anywhere in the sensitive area, the priming
substance is crushed between the front and rear of the case rim.
a rim fire cartridge
, a native of France, developed a bullet breech cap which was in reality the first rim cartridge
1845– FLOBERT
– where a wide bodied case is, just before the case mouth,
reduced in diameter to that of the bullet. ex. 5.56mm
BOTTLED-NECKED
–where the case approximately the same along its length.
Ex. Cal. 38
STRAIGHT CASED
– where a wide based cartridge case is gradually reduced in diameter along its length. Ex. “magnum jet” Cal. .22
TAPERED CASE
= refers to the cartridge with rimless pattern, but which has a rim diameter smaller than the body of the case
Rebated type
= a cartridge with a prominent raise belt around its body just in front of the extraction groove
Belted type
an English monk and scientist, credited with the
invention of gunpowder (blackpowder).
ROGER BACON (1248)-
A German monk was credited for the application of gunpowder for propelling missile.
CONSTANTINE ANKLITZEN (A.K.A. BERTHOLD SCHWARTZ) (1300)-
When ignited, it will burn by itself without aid from the outside air in burning, it gives off large amount of gas a considerable amount of heat is evolved
QUALITIES OF BLACK POWDER (TYPICAL TO ALL EXPLOSIVES)
made the 1st successful used of smokeless powder in shotgun in the year 1864
CAPTAIN E. SCHULTZE of the Prussian Army,
developed the first smokeless powder for riffle in
the year 1884 and named it “poudre B”
M. VIEILLE of French
invented a smokeless powder with nitroglycerine (40%)
and nitrocellulose (60%) as the main composition and called it “Ballistite”
In 1887, Alfred Nobel
– obtained a patent of modifying smokeless gunpowder, they called it Cordite
FREDERICK ABEL & JAMES DEWAR (1890)
Black powder have three qualities which are typical in all explosives;
1) when ignited, it will burn rapidly by itself, without the aid of the air outside,
2) in burning, it gives off a large amount of gas and, 3) A considerable amount of heat is produced
This is determined by the number of solid lead balls of pure lead, each with diameter of
the barrel that can be prepared from one pound of lead.
Gauge
