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AIRWAY MANAGMENT > 1 > Flashcards

1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

Process in which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of a lower concentration.

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2
Q

Inhalation

A

The active muscular part of breathing
*Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract during inhalation
*Diaphragm act as a voluntary (actions that are under our control) - taking deep breathes - holding your breath - coughing
and involuntary muscle (Automatic functions) - constant breathing

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3
Q

Accessory Muscles

A

What is not ordinary used during normal breathing

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4
Q

Ventilation

A

The act of moving air into and out of lungs

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5
Q

What is the Diaphragm and intercostal muscles responsible for?

A

Regular rise and fall of the chest that accompanys normal breathing

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6
Q

What does the Upper Airway consist of ?
What are they responsible for?

A

Consists of: Nasopharynx, Nasal Air passage, Pharynx, mouth, Epiglottis, and Larynx.
( Jaw,Larynx, Mouth, Nose, Oral Cavity, Pharynx )

Responsible for: Warm, filter and humidify air as it enters the body through the nose and mouth.

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7
Q

Pharynx and what does it consist with (3).

A

Muscular tube that tends from nose and mouth to the level of the esophagus and trachea
1.Nasopharynx
2.Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx

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8
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Lined with the ciliated mucous membrane and filers out dust and small particles.
Warms and humidifies air as it enters the body

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9
Q

Oropharynx

A

A. Posterior portion of the oral cavity
B. Entrance for the Respiratory and Digestive system
(Superior to the larynx is the epiglottis)
C. Helps prevents food and liquid from entering the larynx during swallowing

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10
Q

Larynx

A

A. Complex structure formed by many independent cartilaginous structures
B. Upper Airway ends and the Lower airway begins

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11
Q

Epiglottis (superior to the Larynx)

A

Helps prevent the digestion system to form the respiratory system.

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12
Q

Thyroid Cartilage (Adam’s apple)

A

Shield shaped structure formed by to pallets that join in a V shaped anterior lily to form a laryngeal prominence

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13
Q

Cricoid Cartilage ( cricoid Ring )

A

Inferior to the Thyroid
- Lowest part of the Larynx
-First ring in the trachea and the only lower airway structure that forms a complete ring.

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14
Q

Cricotthyroid Membrane

A

Elastic Tissue that connects the thyroid cartilage super way to cricoid ring Inferiorly

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15
Q

Glottis ( glottis opening )

A

Space between the vocal cords and the narrowest portion of the adult airway

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16
Q

Vocal Cords

A

White bands of thin muscles tissues are partially separated at the rest and serve as he primary center for speech production

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17
Q

What is the function of the Lower Airway?

A

Deliver oxygen to the Alveoli

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18
Q

Trachea ( windpipe )

A

-Passage for air entry into the lungs
(Structure approx. 4-5 inches / 10-12 cm of C shaped cartilaginous rings)
-Directly below the cricoid cartilage and descends anteriorly down the midline of the neck to the thoracic cavity
- Divides at heel level of the carina

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19
Q

Carina

A

Two main stem bronchi (right and left)
Hollow bronchi are supported by thee cartilage and distribute air into the lungs

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20
Q

What do the lungs consist of ?

A

The entire mass of the tissue that includes the SMALLER BRONCHI, BRONCHIOLES, AND THE ALVEOLI.

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21
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

Covers the outer surface of the lung tissues

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22
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

Lines the inside of the thoracic cavity

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23
Q

Bronchioles

A

Thin hallow tubes made of smooth muscles
Tons of these muscles allows the bronchioles to dilate and constrict in response to various stimuli’s
- small bronchioles branch out into alveolar ducts that end at the alveolar sacs.

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24
Q

The Alveoli

A

Is located at the end of the airway, are millions of thin-walled, balloon like sacs, that serve as the functional site for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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25
Q

What is the Pulmonary capillaries job within the alveoli?
Hint*: Oxygen vs. Carbon Dioxide

A

Oxygen diffuses through the lining of the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries where, depending on adequate blood volume and the pressure is carried back to the heart to then be distributed to the rest of the body.
At the same time …
Carbon Dioxide (waste) diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli, where it is exhaled and removed from the body.

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26
Q

What is Mediastinum? AND What does it contain?

A

The space between the lungs
It contains: The heart, The Great Vessels. Esophagus, Trachea, Major Bronchi, and many nerves.

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27
Q

Ventilation

A

The physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs

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28
Q

Oxygenation

A

the process of loading oxygen molecules onto the hemoglobin molecules in the bloodstream

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29
Q

Respiration

A

The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli as well as the tissues of the body

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30
Q

Phrenetic Nerve

A

*found in the thorax. *Important structure of the nervous system
-It allow the diaphragm to contract, which is necessary for breathing to occur.

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31
Q

Why do the respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together?

A

-Ensure the constant supply of oxygen and nutrients are delivered to all of the cells of the body
-Remove carbon dioxide and waste products from the cells

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32
Q

Partial pressure

A

the amount of gas in air or dissolved in fluid, such as blood
*measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)

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33
Q

Tidal volume

A

The amount of air (ml)that is moved into or out of lungs during one breath
*average tidal vol. 500ml)

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34
Q

Dead Space

A

Portion of the tidal volume that does not reach the alveoli and dos not participate in gas exchange

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35
Q

Minute Ventilation (minute volume)

A

Amount of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute minus the dead space

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36
Q

Vital Capacity

A

Amount of air that can forcefully expelled from the lungs after breathing deeply

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37
Q

Residual Volume

A

The air that remains after maximal expiration

38
Q

Regulation of Ventilation is primarily by ?

A

pH of cerebrospinal fluid, which is directly related to the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the plasma portion of the blood.

39
Q

What do patients with COPD have difficulty with and what does it cause them to use?

A

Have difficulty eliminating carbon dioxide though exhalation
-Causes them t use “backup system “ aka Hypoxic Drive to control breathing.

*always have higher levels of carbon dioxide
*potentially alters their drive for breathing

40
Q

EARLY Signs of Hypoxia (signs and systems)

A
  • Restlessness * Irritability * Apprehension * Tachycardia * Anxiety
41
Q

LATE signs of Hypoxia

A
  • mental status changes * Weak (thready) pulse * cyanosis
  • conscious patients : complain of dyspnea or shortness of breath
42
Q

Internal Respiration

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the systematic circulatory system and the cells of the body.
*oxygen passes from blood in capillaries to tissue cells.
*carbon dioxide and cell waste travel in the other direction, from cells through capillaries and into the veins.

43
Q

In trauma emergencies, what conditions typically obstruct flow to individual cells and tissues?

A

*Pulmonary Embolism
*Tension Pneumothorax
*Open Pneumothorax (sucking chest wound)
*Hemothorax
*Hemopnuemothorax

44
Q

Hypovolemic Shock

A

Abnormal decrease in blood volume

45
Q

Vasodilatory Shock

A

Abnormal increase in blood vessel diameter, decreasing blood pressure

46
Q

Agonal Repirations

A

Patient may appear to be breathing after heart has stopped

47
Q

Non rebreather Mask

A

Preferred way to give oxygen in prehospital setting to patients who are breathing adequately but are suspected of having or showing signs of hypoxia

48
Q

CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) - Mechanism

A

Increases pressure in the lungs,opens collapsed alveoli, pushes more oxygen across the alveolar membrane, and forces interstitial fluid back into the pulmonary circulation.

*use with caution: patients with potentially low blood pressure = Drop is cardiac output

49
Q

Dyspnea

A

Felling short of breath or having trouble breathing

50
Q

What are conditions cause Dyspnea?

A

AsthmaHeart Failure *Pulmonary Embolism * common Cold

51
Q

What does the respiratory system consists of?

A

*diaphragm
*chest wall muscles
*Accessory muscles of breathing
*Nerves from the brain and spinal cord to those muscles

52
Q

What is the principal function of the lungs?

A

RESPIRATION- the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

53
Q

Inspiration

A

the act of breathing in, or inhaling

54
Q

Exhalation

A

The act of breathing out, or exhaling

55
Q

What happens as the alveoli lie against the pulmonary capillary vessels?
(Oxygen vs. Carbon Dioxide)

A

Oxygen passes freely though tiny passages in the alveolar wall int these capillaries
Carbon dioxide returns to lungs

56
Q

What happens when carbon dioxide drops too low?

A

a. Person automatically breathes at a slower rate and less deeply
b. Less carbon dioxide is expired (levels in the blood return to normal)

57
Q

What happens if the level of carbon dioxide rises above normal?

A

A. Person breathes more rapidly and more deeply
B.More carbon dioxide diffuses out of the bloodstream

58
Q

When does Esophageal Varices occur?
*Common signs and symptoms

A

The pressure within the blood vessels surrounding the esophagus increase, frequently as a result of liver damage.
*Liver Damage *Fatigue
*weight loss *jaundice *anorexia
*edema in the stomach *abdominal pain * nausea *vomiting

59
Q

When does Esophageal Varices occur?
*Common signs and symptoms

A

The pressure within the blood vessels surrounding the esophagus increase, frequently as a result of liver damage.
*Liver Damage *Fatigue
*weight loss *jaundice *anorexia
*edema in the stomach *abdominal pain * nausea *vomiting

60
Q

When does Esophageal Varices occur?
*Common signs and symptoms

A

The pressure within the blood vessels surrounding the esophagus increase, frequently as a result of liver damage.
*Liver Damage *Fatigue
*weight loss *jaundice *anorexia
*edema in the stomach *abdominal pain * nausea *vomiting

61
Q

What does it mean to have blood in urine?

A

Injury to the urinary tract
*kidney
*Ureter
*Bladder
*Urethra

62
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of internal bleeding?

A

bloody vomit (hematemesis)
Bright red coffee ground
Bright red in stools (Hematochezia)
Dark / tarry Stools (Melena)

63
Q

What organs are part of the Endocrine System?
(Endocrine Glands)

A

*Producing hormonal secretion that pass directly into the bloodstream.
(Endocrine Glands): *thyroid, Parathyroids, testes, Pituitary, Pancreas, Ovaries, Adrenal.

64
Q

Gallbladder
(UPPER RIGHT QUADRANT- Underneath liver)

A

Small pouch extending from the bile ducts that serves as a resocior for the temporary storage and concentration of bile. (Bile is formed in liver)
**Gallbladder and liver make up the Biliary system*

65
Q

Vital Signs: Infant (birth-12months)

A

RR: 30-60
HR:100-180
SYSTOLIC BP: 72-104

66
Q

Vital Signs: Toddler (1 - 2 yrs )

A

RR: 22-37
HR:98-140
Systolic BP: 86-106

67
Q

Vital Signs: Preschooler (3 - 5 yrs)

A

RR: 20-28
HR: 80-120
Systolic BP: 89-112

68
Q

Vital signs: School Age Child (6-12 yrs)

A

RR: 18-25
HR: 75-118
Systolic BP: 97-115

69
Q

Vital Signs: Adolescent (12-18 yrs)

A

RR: 12 -20
HR: 60-100
Systolic BP: 110-131

70
Q

Side effects for Meter dose Inhaler

A

Increases Heart rate

71
Q

Symptoms of Asthma include:

A

Shortness of breath
Wheezing breath sounds
Cough

72
Q

Suctioning airway by age

A

Young children : 5-10 seconds
Adults: 10-15 seconds
Infants: 5 seconds

73
Q

Where do DVT (deep vein thrombosis) form?

A

Veins
*a patient who has had a DVT within he last year is TWICE as likely to experience an ischemic stroke

74
Q

Where do cerebral embolisms and thrombosis form?

A

Arteries

75
Q

What is a coup-contrecoup injury caused by?

A

Severe car accident, in which there is a lot of head movement with great force.

76
Q

Priapism is associated with what portion of the spine?

A

Cervical Spine

77
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
*signs and symptoms

A

most common indicator = Chest Pain
Dyspnea
Nausea
Diaphoresis

78
Q

Subcutaneous Emphysema

A

Crackling sensation felt on palpation of the skin, cause by the air in the soft tissues.

79
Q

When do you commonly hear crackling (rales) breath sounds?

A

COPD
Pneumonia
Bronchitis
Pericarditis
CHF

80
Q

Hypovolemic Shock

A

Severe blood and fluid loss make the heart unable to pump enough blood to the rest of the body

81
Q

Spontaneous Pneumothorax

A

A rupturing of a weakened area of the lungs

82
Q

Hemothorax

A

An accumulation of blood in the pleural space in which the source can be the chest wall , heart,or blood vessels in the area

83
Q

Tension Pnuemothorax

A

Cause by air entering the pleura (cause by a hole in the thoracic cavity wall or a hole in the lungs due to the trauma).

84
Q

Congestive heart failure signs and symptoms

A

*pink frothy sputum (fluid in the lungs caused by acute, severe left ventricle failure)
*chest pain
*poor skin sign
*diaphoresis
*anxiety

85
Q

Beta-agonists

A

Bronchodilator medicine that opens the airways by relaxing the muscles around them

86
Q

Beta-antagonist

A

A type of drug that blocks the action of certain substance and is used to treat angina, high blood pressure,CHF, and arrhythmias

87
Q

alpha-agonists

A

Binds to receptors on vascular smooth muscle and induce vasoconstriction and contraction, and are prescribed to treat congestion and hypotension

88
Q

Alpha-antagonist

A

Sub-class f beta-blockers generally used to treat high blood pressure

89
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Made up of several bunches of nerves located in the upper brain stem that controls consciousness
*Without RAS, wakefulness and awareness would not be possible

90
Q

Hypertensive Disorders

A

Occur in patients who are pregnant for the first.
-Pre-eclampsia (20 week of gestation) pregnancy induced hypertension
-eclampsia is characterized by seizure due to hypertension

AIRWAY MANAGMENT (1 decks)

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