1

Question 1

What are the innovations that brought about the Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

It innovated new ways to produce necessities, as a long term result of the Scientific Revolution. This change started in the textile industry and was then applied to nearly every other industry as well

Question 2

What are the immediate significances of these innovations as related to energy and productivity

Answer 2

Humans were now able to produce more with less energy, which created potential to increase humans standard living

Question 3

Why is the Industrial Revolution considered the second most important turning point in all of human history

Answer 3

The first was Neolithic revolution, the Industrial Revolution broke through the barrier of limited amounts of available energy that had previously restricted their output and general standard of living

Question 4

What is animate and inanimate energy

Answer 4

Animate energy is muscle power which was the main source of energy pre-19th century

Inanimate energy is fossil fuels and machine tech which was from the Industrial Revolution and was the main source of energy

Question 5

What is the country of origin of the Industrial Revolution

Answer 5

Britain

Question 6

Why does industrialization support secular humanism

Answer 6

Industrialization shows that humans are capable of progressing without God, and are able to bend nature to their own will

Question 7

What are the changes in work, daily, and social life that resulted because of the decline of the cottage industry and the rise of factory work

Answer 7

Factory works leads to the end of most owner-worker relationships, and the work environment is now unsafe and people are exposed to dangerous conditions. The jobs have low wages but are reliable. Childhoods are being taken away due to the absence of child labor laws, they previously were able to work with there families together

Question 8

What are the conditions of urban life and industrial work

Answer 8

Urban life is unsanitary and has no running water available. There are no child labor laws or public education and industrial work is unsafe and jobs require long hours

Question 9

What are the effects of industrialization on the middle class versus the working class

Answer 9

The middle class prospers while the working class suffers

Question 10

Why did employers favor child and female employees in the early Industrial Revolution

Answer 10

They had lower wages due to their gender and age, making them favorable to employ since its cheaper

Question 11

What changes took place within the western social structure as a result of industrialization

Answer 11

A new class developed with the structure, the proletariat (the urban working class)
Bourgeoise becomes the dominant class in England
Nobility and clergy
Bourgeoise
Proletariat
Peasantary

Question 12

How is liberalism a form of secular humanism

Answer 12

Liberalism is the ideology of the middle class. It believes humans should move away from tradition and in Lockes ‘blank slate’ theory. Liberalism put faith in humans to affect their own progress and is a secular ideology

Question 13

What are the beliefs and principles of liberalism

Answer 13

It’s an ideology that see human nature as essentially competitive and based on a belief that individualism and competition should be allowed to flourish. Individuals should be free and unrestrained in their pursuit of self-interest the government should not limit the individual beyond its role in protecting life, liberty, and property (laissez fair). Liberalism seeks to impose constitutionalism and civil liberties and rights

Question 14

Why did liberals want to construct a competitive society

Answer 14

A competitive society allows self-interest to flourish and drives people to compete for the best for themselves. Those who don’t work fail. This created motivation and therefore, would lead to human progress

Question 15

What is laissez fair capitalism

Answer 15

Free market capitalism. No government involvement in the economy

Question 16

Who is Adam Smith

Answer 16

Smith is the primary proponent of laissez-faire. He believed in economic liberty and involvement in the economy goes against the natural laws of economics and hampers progress. He believed humans are fundamentally motivated by self-interest and competition is a sure pathway to progress. He also created the theory of the ‘invisible hand’ of the capitalist market, which he believed naturally disturbed wealth according to one’s contribution

Question 17

Who is Thomas Malthus

Answer 17

Malthus argued consistently, population grows faster than good the food supply, thus, making famine and resultant misery inevitable. Yet, Malthus argued that the government should not get involved. He argued it wouldn’t fundamentally fix the problem and would make things worse in the future

Question 18

Who is David Ricardo

Answer 18

Ricardo believed that no rationale exists for raising workers’ wages. He believed that an increase in wages would lead to workers having more children, which would increase the demand for resources and create greater competition for employment, which then again continue lowering the wages and standard living for workers

Question 19

What are the critiques of liberalism

Answer 19

Although in theory of liberalism is a meritocracy, education is the avenue to upward social mobility, and in reality at this time, there is no public education and wages are low with long work hours, making it almost impossible to actually have any social mobility, there is also no child labor laws or minimum wage due to laissez faire capitalism

Question 20

Why was the repeal of the corn laws a victory for liberalism and the british middle class

Answer 20

The corn laws protected british landowners and farmers economic interest by placing high tariffs on imported food. The middle class saw this an unfair protection of the traditional aristocracy which constituted to own most farmland and a violation of free marker principles. The repeal was a victory for the British bourgeoisie, the traditional nobility was weakened by the influx of cheaper grain and food prices dropped, allowing industrialists to cut factory wages and increase profits

Question 21

What are the factors that led to a proletariat class identity

Answer 21

A class where persons lives are commonly influenced by a common economic status. The working class is very vulnerable because of their own working and home conditions. They are separated from the peasantry because of their economic status, but far from the middle classes economic status

Question 22

Why was Britain not a pure liberal society in the early Industrial Revolution

Answer 22

Britain illegalized the right to assembly. The middle class also ignored the chartist movement which fought for universal manhood suffrage, salaries to members of the house of commons, and the abolition of property requirements for members for the house of commons