1

Question 1

No universal

Answer 1

Psychologische processen die niet in elke cultuur voorkomt

Question 2

Existential culture

Answer 2

Psychologisch proces die in verschillende culturen voorkomt maar niet op de zelfde manier gebruikt wordt (eg harder werken naar succes in westen en in east Asia juist na failure)

Question 3

Functional universal

Answer 3

Psychologisch fenomeen bestaat in verschillende culturen, lost zelfde problemen op, maar mate van accessibility verschilt (eg straf na wet breken)

Question 4

Accessibility universal

Answer 4

Fenomeen bestaat in alle culturen, zelfde mechanisme en in zelfde maat accessible (eg physical laws)

Question 5

WEIRD

Answer 5

Western, educated, industrialized, rich & democratic

Question 6

Prestige bias

Answer 6

People witch prestige will be imitated more often

Question 7

Similarity bias

Answer 7

People choose role models based on how similar they are to themselves

Question 8

Conformist transmission

Answer 8

The tendency to learn from people who are engaged in behaviours that are more common (following what majority is doing)

Question 9

Mentalizing and perspective taking

Answer 9

Someone has theory of mind and is able to socially learn by taking perspective of other

• imitative learning: learner internalises goals and behavorial strategies of role model
• emulative: learner focuses on environmental elements involved, does not require role models behavioural strategy

Question 10

Cultural learning: cognitive foundations

Answer 10

• mentalizing and perspective taking
• language
• sharing experiences and goals

Question 11

Ratchet effect

Answer 11

Cumulative culture: information can increase without losing previous info

Question 12

Proximate causes

Answer 12

Have a direct en immediate relationship with effect (eg winning war because more weapons)

Question 13

Distal causes

Answer 13

Differences that lead to long term effect, often due to indirect relationships (eg winning war because you have a lot of iron in the ground)

Question 14

Evoked culture

Answer 14

Specific environments evoke specific responses from al people within environment

Question 15

Transmitted culture

Answer 15

Cultural information passed on or learned via social transmission

Question 16

Differences cultural and biological evolution

Answer 16

• faster change/ more copying errors in cultural
• cultural also horizontally transmitted
• cultural ideas do not need to be adaptive

Question 17

Idea factors that spread faster

Answer 17

• useful info
• emotional info
• info that contains unexpected elements

Question 18

pluralistic ignorance

Answer 18

tendency for people to collectively misinterpret thoughts that explain behaviour of others

> important role in change/preservation of culture: eg. because no one stood up against hitlers ideals, people thought other people agreed with him