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Question 1

Germs” refers to

Answer 1

to a rapidly growing cell.

Question 2

is the study of microorganisms usually less than 1mm in diameter which requires microscope to be seen.

Answer 2

Microbiology

Question 3

medical microbiology include

Answer 3

Virology,
Bacteriology,
Parasitology,
and Mycology etc.

Question 4

bacteria is one of the most deadly agents to be used as a biological weapon.

Answer 4

Bacillus anthracis

Question 5

Biologists use knowledge obtained from microbiology when

Answer 5

studying the immune system.

Question 6

The major importance of medical microbiology is that it helps in the

Answer 6

identification, isolation, diagnosis and treatment of pathogenic microorganisms

Question 7

Biologists use microbiology to develop new methods for

Answer 7

preventing illness.

Question 8

Following are some of the major important features of medical microbiology:

Answer 8

1) The major importance of medical microbiology is that it helps in the identification, isolation, diagnosis and treatment of pathogenic microorganisms

2) Biologists use microbiology to develop new methods for preventing illness.

3) Chemicals manufacturing, such as production of ethanol, acetone, organic acid, enzymes and perfumes.

4) Microbiology also used in food production, biodegradation, biotechnology and genetic engineering.

5) Biologists use knowledge obtained from microbiology when studying the immune system.

Question 9

Fields of microbes study

Microbiologists may be interested in various characteristics or activities of microorganisms:

Answer 9

 Microbialmorphology
 Microbialcytology
 Microbial physiology
 Microbialecology
 Microbial genetics and molecular biology
 Microbialtaxonomy

Question 10

is considered a father of microbiology as he observed and experimented with microscopic organisms in 1676

Answer 10

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Question 11

are the founders of medical microbiology.

Answer 11

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

Question 12

is famous for his experiments when he disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. He offered method for food preservation (pasteurization) and vaccines against anthrax, cholera and rabies.

Answer 12

Louis Pasteur in the 19th

Question 13

The word prokaryote comes from Greek word meaning

Answer 13

before nucleus

Question 14

The main characteristics of Prokaryotes:

Answer 14

1- Their DNA (genetic material) is not enclosed within a
membrane and is not circular chromosome.

2- Their DNA is not associated with histones (a special chromosomal protein)

3- They lack membrane-enclosed organelles.
4- Their cell walls almost always contain the complex
polysaccharide peptidoglycan.

5- They usually divide by binary fission.(process which the DNA is copied and the cell splits into two cells).

Question 15

The main characteristics of Eukaryotes:

Answer 15

1- Their DNA is found in the cell’s nucleus, which is
separated from the cytoplasm by nuclear membrane.

2- Their DNA is consistently associated with chromosomal proteins called histones.

3- They have a number of membrane-enclosed organelles, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosome, and sometimes chloroplast.

4-Their cell wall, when present, are simple.

5- They usually divide by mitosis.

Question 16

Bacteria can be classified according to morphology:

Answer 16

1) Cocci

2) Bacilli

3) Spirochaetes

4) Mycoplasma

5 ) Rickettsia and chlamydiae

Question 17

these are spherical cells

Answer 17

Cocci

Question 18

Cocci in singles

Answer 18

Monococci

Question 19

Cocci in chains

Answer 19

Streptococci

Question 20

Cocci in pairs

Answer 20

Diplococci

Question 21

Cocci in group of four

Answer 21

Tetrad

Question 22

Cocci in grape-like clusters

Answer 22

Staphylococci

Question 23

Cocci in group of eight

Answer 23

Sarcina

Question 24

these are rod-shaped bacteria. On the basis of arrangement of organisms, they can be described as:

Diplobacilli, Streptobacilli, Chinese-letter form, Coccobacilli, Comma-shaped

Answer 24

Bacilli

Question 25

these are relatively longer, slender, non-branched microorganisms of spiral shape having several coils.

Answer 25

Spirochaetes

Question 26

These bacteria lack in rigid cell wall (cell wall lacking)
and are highly pleomorphic (round or oval).

Answer 26

Mycoplasma

Question 27

these are very small parasites, now these are arranged as bacteria

Answer 27

Rickettsia and chlamydiae

Question 28

Based on anatomical features:

Answer 28

1. Capsule ……in to

Capsulate —– Streptococcus pneumonia

Non-capsulate—–Viridans streptococci

2. Flagella …… in to
   Flagellate
   Monotrichous, Lophotrichous, Amphitrichous, Peritrichous

Aflagellate Shigella spp.

3. Spore …… in to

Spore-forming ,Bacillus spp. Non-sporing ,Escherichia coli

Question 29

Based on staining reaction:

Answer 29

1. GRAM’S STAIN …… in to

 Gram-positive (+) cocci …….. Staphylococcus aureus
 Gram-negative (-) cocci …….. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
 Gram-positive rods (+) ……… Clostridium spp.
Gram-negative rods (-) ………. E. coli

2. ACID FAST STAIN …… in to
    Acid-fast bacilli ………………… Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    Non-acid-fast bacilli ……………. Staphylococcus aureus

Question 30

Based on cultural characteristics

Answer 30

1. Extra growth factor requirements ……. in to
    Fastidious - Hemophilus influenzae

 Non-fastidious - Escherichia coli

2. Hemolysis on Sheep Blood Agar …… in to
   Alpha-hemolysis (α)  streptococcus pneumoniae Beta-hemolysis (β)  streptococcus pyogenes
3. Utilization of carbohydrates …… in to
    Oxidative - Micrococcus (with the presence of O2)
    Fermentative - Escherichia coli (with the absence of O2)
4. Pigment production
    Pigment producer - Staphylococcus aureus
    Pigment non-producer
   - Escherichia coli
   Other ways of classification
    Motile/Non-motile
    Pathogenic/Non-pathogenic
    Sensitive/Resistant (to particular antibiotic/chemicals)
    Lactose fermenter/Lactose non-fermenter Gama – hemolysis (γ) _ Enterococcus fecalis

Question 31

Cell shape

Answer 31

Coccus
Rod or bacillus
Curved or spiral

Question 32

Cell arrangement:

Answer 32

Single- cells found by themselves

Diplo- cells in pairs. Dipolcoccus, Diplobacillus

Strepto- cells in chains. Streptococcus, Streptobacillus

Staphylo- cells in grape like clusters. Staphylococcus

Question 33

Bacterial structure:

Answer 33

Flagella
Pilli
Fimbriae
Capsule or Slime layer Plasma membrane Cytoplasm
Cell wall
Spores
Nucleoid
Inclusions

Question 34

Some cells have a gelatinous, sticky substance that surrounds the outside of the cell. This substance is known as a glycocalyx,

Answer 34

Capsule

Question 35

glycocalyx composed of

Answer 35

polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both.

Question 36

there are two types of glycocalyx:

Answer 36

(1) Capsule:
a- Composed of organized repeating units of organic chemicals.
b- Firmly attached to cell surface.
c- May prevent bacteria from being recognized by host.

(2) Slime layer:
a- Loosely attached to cell surface.
b- Water soluble.
c- Sticky layer allows prokaryotes to attach to surface as biofilm.

Question 37

Oral bacteria colonize the teeth as a biofilm called

Answer 37

dental plague

Question 38

Glycocalyx is viscous, gelatinous polymer that is external to the cell wall and composed of

Answer 38

polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both.

Question 39

If substances is organized and is firmly attached to the wall, the glycocalyx is described as

Answer 39

a capsule

Question 40

If the substances is unorganized and only loosely attached to the cell wall, the glycocalyx is described as

Answer 40

a slime layer