1

Question 1

Bones are made of

Answer 1

Bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue I adipose) nerves

Question 2

Skeletal system functions

Answer 2

Support, protection, body movement, mineral homeostasis, hemopoiesis, triglitende storage (yellow marrow)

Question 3

Bone extracellularmatrix

Answer 3

15% water 30% collagen 55% crystallized mineral salts -calcium phosphate + hydroxyapatite

Question 4

Mineralization

Answer 4

Calcification/hardenning of tissue novel collagen fibres

Question 5

Osteoprogenitorcells

Answer 5

Differentiate-able

Question 6

Osteoblasts

Answer 6

Forms bone extracellular matrix

Question 7

Osteocytes

Answer 7

Mature bone cells, maintains bone tissue

Question 8

Osteoclasts

Answer 8

Remodels bones, resorption of trabecular, breaks down extracellutur matrix ) cause calcium release

Question 9

Compact bone

Answer 9

1 provides protection & support

Question 10

Spongy bone

Answer 10

Light weight & support

Question 11

Periosteal arteries penetrate:

Answer 11

Volkman’s canal (side)

Question 12

Nutrient arteries cred) & nutrients blue) penetrate

Answer 12

Nutrient canal in the diaphysis,

Question 13

When ? Osteogenesis & osteocalcification

Answer 13

Embryological and fetal development,m growth before adulthood, remodeling bones, heal fractures

Question 14

1. Mesenchyme -> intramembranous bone

Answer 14

Intramembranous bone formation (Flat BONES)
Replacement of membrane with flat bones

Question 15

1. Mesenchyme ->Endochondral ossification

Answer 15

->cartilage model -> calcification ->osteoblasts make bone-> osteoclasts make medullary cavity

Question 16

Interstitial growth

Answer 16

Cell growth in elastic matrix
LENGTH

Question 17

Appositional growth

Answer 17

Material is added (cells, matrix)
THICKNESS

Question 18

Epiphyseal plates!

Answer 18

Also push long bone growth

Question 19

1. Ossification Center develops (osteoblasts secrete extra cellular matrix)
2. Calcification, hardening and deposited calcium and salts
3. Matrix becomes trabeculae and fuse to make spongy bone
4. Mesenchyme makes Periosteum outside

Answer 19

FLAT BONES - intramebranous bone formation (skull, mandible, flat bones)

Question 20

1. Mesenchyme cells become chondroblasts and they make hyaline cartilage model
2. Chondrocytes dive, growth of hyaline cartilage model
3. Primary ossification Center is made - calcified cartilage is covered by bone
4. Osteoclasts resort trabeculae and make medullary cavity
5. Secondary ossification
6. Form articular cartilage

Answer 20

Enchondral ossification of long bones

Question 21

Bones are constantly remodelled based on their

Answer 21

Lines of stress

Question 22

As one ages bone mass is lost from

Answer 22

Bone modelling, as resorption and deposition rates are disproportionate

Question 23

Osteoporosis

Answer 23

Ostridge girl is white skinny and menopausal, she smokes, drinks, and have history of illness, she is also an athlete with low body fat, estrogen, menstration

She had less bone mass, POROS bones.

She needs to eat better, exercise, and have more estrogen and calcium or else

She will be weak, fragile, less collagen and have wedge shaped vertebrae hunchback

Question 24

CALCIUM - POCKI

Answer 24

Low levels of calcium ( Calcium homeostasis negative feedback system)

Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone

Osteoclasts resorb bone

Calcium is released

Kidneys produce calcitrol

Intestines absorb Calcium