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Geography Year 9 > 1 > Flashcards

1 Flashcards

1
Q

List all the points that support plate tectonic theory

A

How continents fit together like a jigsaw,
Convection currents,
Study of fossils,
Geological patterns,
Palaeomagnetism,

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2
Q

How do convection currents support plate tectonic theory?

A

Since convection currents move plates, the plates could have been in one place in the past but then have been moved

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3
Q

How does the study of fossils support plate tectonic theory?

A

There have been many cases of fossils from the same animal being found in two different continents. Since these animals could have not crossed the ocean to move from one continent to another, the only explanation fir this happening is plate tectonic theory

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4
Q

How do geolocical patterns support plate tectonic theory?

A

There have been similar patterns of rock layers found on multiple continents which is unlikely to be a coincidence. Also, coal has been found in antarctica but because coal needs warm climates to be produced, this suggests that antarctica was once nearer to the equator.

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5
Q

How does palaeomagnetism support plate tectonic theory?

A

The iron particles in the mid atlantic ridge allign north but when the Earth’s polarity switches, it alligns south to allign with the earth’s polarity. This shows evidence of the seafloor moving.

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6
Q

Where are most volcanoes and earthquakes found?

A

On plate boundaries

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7
Q

What is oceanic crust?

A

It is the crust that forms on the ocean bed which is younger and denser than continential crust.

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8
Q

What is continential crust?

A

It is the crust that makes up the land and is older and less dense than the oceanic crust.

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9
Q

What is a subduction zone?

A

When one plate is forced below another which causes huge amounts of friction and heat.

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10
Q

What is a destructive plate boundary?

A

Where a continental and oceanic plate move towards eachother.

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11
Q

What is a plate boundary?

A

Where two plates meet on Earth’s surface

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12
Q

What is a fold mountain?

A

A mountain caused by two plates folding upwards beside eachother

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13
Q

What is an ocean trench?

A

A deep trench in the ocean where a continential and oceanic plate have dragged eachother downwards.

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14
Q

What are the four types of plate boundaries?

A

Divergent, convergent, conservative and collision.

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15
Q

What is a convergent plate boundary?

A

When one plate is being forced under the other.

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16
Q

What is a divergent plate boundary?

A

When two plates are moving away from eachother

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17
Q

What is a conservative plate boundary?

A

Where two plates are grinding past eachother

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18
Q

What is a collision plate boundary?

A

A plate boundary where two plates move into eachother and as they do they create a mountain range.

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19
Q

How is a composite volcano formed?

A

In a convergent plate boundary, pressure is built up in the subduction zone where friction causes the melting of the oceanic plate and earthquakes when pressure is released. As both plates move, the continential crust becomes weaker and crumples into fold mountains. After a while, magma builds up in the chamber. Then, the oceanic plate is forced under the continential plate. When enough pressure has built up magma escapes through a composite volcano. Afterwards, the continential plate moves towards the oceanic plate.

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20
Q

List all the hazards of a volcano.

A

Pyroclastic flows,
Volcanic bomb,
Lava flows,
Lahars,
Tsunamis,
Earthquakes

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21
Q

What is a pyroclastic flow?

A

A current of hot gas and rock that moves at up to 450mph and has a maximum temperature of 1000’c

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22
Q

What is a volcanic bomb?

A

A mass of molten rock larger than 64mm in diameter that is launched from an erupting vent and can move many kilometres.

23
Q

What is a lava flow?

A

A flow of lava that moves down a volcano.

24
Q

What is a lahar?

A

It is a volcanic flow that happens when a snow capped volcano explodes. When it moves down the volcano, it picks up the debris present and becomes very thick.

25
Q

How is a tsunami caused?

A

It is caused by an eathquake in the sea where the pressure from the earthquake moves upwards and moves the water over it into violent waves going in all directions from the focus.

26
Q

How is an earthquake caused?

A

It is caused at a conservative or convergent plate boundary where two plates are pushing or grinding against eachother and when they slip, they cause huge amounts of pressure.

27
Q

What does the richter scale measure?

A

The magnitude of an earthquake

28
Q

What does the Mercali scale measure?

A

The visible damage of an earthquake

29
Q

What is the range of the Richter scale?

A

1-10

30
Q

What is the range of the Mercali scale?

A

1-12

31
Q

What is a positive and negative about the Richter scale?

A

It accurately represents the severity of an earthquake,

32
Q

What is a positive and negative about the Mercali scale?

A

Helps estimate damage costs of an earthquake,

Judging where to put an earthquake on the mercali scale is largely up to opinion.

33
Q

What is the Richter scale measured using?

A

Seismometer

34
Q

What is a logarithmic (normal) example of the Richter scale?

A

-Everyone runs outdoors,
-Most buildings survive though there is still significant damage.

35
Q

What is a logarithmic example of the Mercali scale?

A

-Damage to well built structures,
-Significant damage to poorly built ones.

36
Q

Why was Haiti vulnerable to having an earthquake in 2010?

A

The plates Haiti was on were on a conservative boundary and had a conservative fault.

37
Q

What is a primary effect?

A

Something that is caused in the short term by a natural disaster.

38
Q

What is a secondary effect?

A

Something that happens in the long term as a result of the primary effect.

39
Q

What categories can effects be grouped into?

A

Social, economic, political and environmental

40
Q

What is a supervolcano?

A

A volcano 1,000 times larger than a regular one that has the power to disturb global climate and ecosystems when it erupts.

41
Q

How do earthquakes and volcanoes happen at divergent plate boundaries?

A

As two plates move away from eachother, magma forces itself through the crack in Earth’s surface and forms new crust as well as new volcanoes. This crust is then continuously pulled apart by the two plates until cracks form and pressure is released.

42
Q

What were the effects of the Montserrat volcano?

A

Many settlements were destroyed or evacuated from, pyroclastic flows, volcanic ash went into the atmosphere and could choke people, lava flows, volcanic bombs, fires, crops and buildings were damaged/buried, trees fell flat, bridges were washed away and rivers flooded due to volcanic material blocking the river flow.

43
Q

How does the jigsaw fit of continents support plate tectonic theory?

A

It was unlikely to be a coincidence that continents looked like that so must have been pulled apart.

44
Q

How did convection currents support plate tectonic theory?

A

Proved that plates moved from extremely powerful currents of rotating magma underneath the surface

45
Q

How do fossils prove plate tectonic theory?

A

There were fossils from the same species of animal found on different continents and there is no other explanation to how the animals got there other than the continents being pulled apart. Also, they could not have crossed the ocean because it was too big.

46
Q

How does palaeomagnetism support plate tectonic theory?

A

On plate boundaries, iron between these boundaries are attracted to the north pole which makes the boundary a shape that reflects this. When Earth’s poles switch around, what used to be south becomes north so plate boundaries are attracted to the old south. This proves that plates are moving.

47
Q

How do geological patterns support plate tectonic theory?

A

An example for this is how despite coal needing warm climates to form, coal has been found in Antarctica. This is not supposed to happen so Antarctica must have once been closer to the equator.

48
Q

What are ways to tell when a volcano might come?

A

Ground deformations,
Seismic activity,
Geological observation,
Gas emissions

49
Q

What are GPS positioning systems?

A

They observe the fluctuation in size of a volcano, the amount of magma and magma pressure

50
Q

Why are gas samples collected?

A

To see if there is more gas than usual which predicts the chance of an eruption

51
Q

What do robotic ‘spiders’ do?

A

They go into volcano vents to pick up rock samples which are then looked at on their temperature and origin.

52
Q

What do seismographs do?

A

They measure the Earth’s tremors.

53
Q

Name 5 ways earthquake proof buildings are built in rich areas

A

Steel frame,
Birdcage interlocking steel frame,
Rubber shock absorbers to absorb tremors,
Foundation built into bedrock,
Computer controlled weight on top of building.

54
Q

Name 5 ways earthquake proof buildings can be built in poor areas

A

Cross braced bamboo frame,
Straw roof,
Frame is connected to concrete base through frame being slid through small holes connected to concrete,
Concrete base standing up on steel rods,
Walls made of mud and straw packed between wooden slats.

Geography Year 9 (2 decks)

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