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Question 1

What is photosynthesis?

Answer 1

Photosynthesis is a process by which plants turn sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.

Question 2

The chemical reaction:

Answer 2

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 3

What are plants?

Answer 3

Plants are living organisms that eat, drink, breathe, and reproduce.

Question 4

What are autotrophs?

Answer 4

Organisms that can make their own food from inorganic substances like carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight.

Question 5

What are heterotrophs?

Answer 5

Organisms that are unable to make their own food and therefore have to rely of other sources specifically plant and animal matter.

Question 6

How does a solar-powered calculator relate to photosynthesis and the use of sunlight?

Answer 6

Photosynthesis a natural process in plants converts sunlight into glucose, while photovoltaic cells power a solar-powdered calculator converting sunlight into electrical energy for electronic components. While sunlight is used as energy in both processes their functions and modes of operation are different.

Question 7

Where does almost all the energy in living systems come from?

Answer 7

The sun

Question 8

What does metabolism involve?

Answer 8

Metabolism involves either using energy to build molecul or breaking down molecules in which energy is stored.

Question 9

What are photosynthetic organisms?

Answer 9

Producers or autotrophs. They make their own chemicals energy (plants, algae, bacteria)

Question 10

What does food contain?

Answer 10

Food contains organic compounds that store chemical energy in their bonds (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids).

Question 11

What does digestion do?

Answer 11

Digestion breaks food down into smaller molecules that could possibly be put back together to make ATP.

Question 12

What is visible light?

Answer 12

Visible light is a region of the electromagnetic spectrum made of of several colors at different wavelengths.

Question 13

What do the sugars that are produced during photosynthesis allow the plant to do?

Answer 13

They allow the plan to build more cells and grow.

Question 14

What are pigments?

Answer 14

Light absorbing substances

Question 15

What is chlorophyll?

Answer 15

Chlorophyll is a primary pigment involved in photosynthesis. It absorbs blue and red wavelength and it reflects green yellow wavelength.

Question 16

Where is chlorophyll found?

Answer 16

Chlorophyll is found in chloroplasts (organelles that are only found in plants).

Question 17

What are thylakoids?

Answer 17

Thylakoids inside the chloroplasts are disc-shaped structures that hold the pigments which absorb the light energy.

Question 18

What are stacks of thylakoid, singular and multiple?

Answer 18

Singular: granum Multiple: grana

Question 19

Explain the structure of a chloroplast?

Answer 19

Chloroplast are surrounded by two envelope membranes and they are filled with sac-like chlorophyll containing membranes called thylakoids and the outside is filled with a fluid called the stroma.

Question 20

What is the fluid portion of the chloroplast?

Answer 20

It is known as the stroma.

Question 21

What does ATP carry?

Answer 21

ATP carries the energy that cells can use and its chemical bonds.

Question 22

What is the difference between ATP and ADP?

Answer 22

ATP is adenosine triphosphate.
ATP plays an important role in the transport of macromolecules such as lipids and proteins in and out of the cells. ADP is adenosine diphosphate.
ADP is important for releasing and storing energy within an organism.

Question 23

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Answer 23

In the plant leaves.

Question 24

What does chlorophyll trap?

Answer 24

Solar energy to use it in the reaction.

Question 25

Anthocynanins:

Answer 25

Anthocyanins absorb light in the blue-green wavelengths allowing the red wavelengths to be scattered by the plant tissues to make these organs visible to us as red.

Question 26

Photosynthesis has 2 sets of reactions:

Answer 26

- Light Dependent - Light Independent (Calvin Cycle)

Question 27

Why are ATP and NADPH critical products of light- dependent reactions?

Answer 27

They are needed to make sugars in the next cycle.

Question 28

What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle?

Answer 28

Convert CO2 from the atmosphere into carbohydrates(sugars) which the plants needs to power its cellular activities and build new plant structures.

Question 29

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

Answer 29

In the stroma of the chloroplast.

Question 30

Light dependent: Light independent:

Answer 30

- energy is captured and transferred to electrons. - energy in the form of ATP and NADPH is used to create sugars.

Question 31

Needs of light-dependent reactions:

Answer 31

12 ATP —> 12 ADP 12 NADPH —> 12 NADP+ 6 ATP —> 6 ADP Total: 18 ATP and 12 NADPH

Question 32

Photosystem structure:

Answer 32

Protein capturing pigments.

Question 33

Photosystems function:

Answer 33

Absorption and transfer of light energy which implies transfer of electrons.

Question 34

Photosystems location:

Answer 34

Photosystems are found in the thylakoid membranes.

Question 35

How does NADPH function like ATP?

Answer 35

They are both energy-carrying molecules.

Question 36

Steps of light-dependent reactions:

Answer 36

- Light will excite electrons to move from photosystem 2 to electron transport chain then to photosystem 1. - H2O will be broken down to give O2, H+, and replace the lost electrons in photosystem 2. - With the transfer of electrons H+ will be pumped from the outside to the inside of the thylakoids. - 2 electrons and one H+ will be transferred to NADP+ converting it to NADPH. - H+ will diffuse to the outside of the thylakoids converting ADP+ P: into ATP (energy) by ATP Synthase.

Question 37

Products of light-dependent reactions:

Answer 37

2 H+ + NADP+ —> 4 Electrons—> 2 NADPH 2 H2O —> 4H+ + O2 + 4 Electrons

Question 38

Thylakoids:

Answer 38

Fattened sac-like membranes.

Question 39

Stroma:

Answer 39

Fluid-filled space outside the grana.

Question 40

Recycled materials in photosynthesis:

Answer 40

NADP+, NADPH, ADP, ATP

Question 41

Steps of the Calvin Cycle:

Answer 41

— 6CO2 molecules are added to 6 five-carbon molecules to form 12 six-carbon molecules. - Energy (12 ATP and 12 NADPH) is used by enzymes to split the six-carbon molecules into 12 three-carbon molecules. - Two of the three-carbon molecules exits the cycle. It will meet up with another three carbon molecule to form a six-carbon molecule of glucose sugar. - ATP is used to change the 10 remaining three-carbon molecules into five-carbon molecules to be used again.