1 Flashcards
medulla cavity has a membrane
lining called the
ENDOSTEUM
a thick, red mass of cells inside the medulla cavity,
which makes essential blood cells
BONE MARROW
created in the bone marrow
BLOOD CELLS
As the bone ages, the red bone
marrow gradually changes into
YELLOW FATTY MARROW
OUTER BONE SURFACE
PERIOSTEUM
refers to either end or
extremity of a long bone
EPIPHYSIS
end closest
to the main body of the animal
PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS
end farthest
from the main body of the animal
DISTAL EPIPHYSIS
the long bone shaft between the two joint ends
DIAPHYSIS
the shaft that allows the bone
to increase in length
EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE
layer of cartilage between the joint ends
EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE
fibrous membrane that covers the exterior of the bone,
excluding the joint ends
PERIOSTEUM
thin layer of
cartilage that covers each joint end
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
Bones are classified based on
FUNCTION AND SHAPE
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
LONG BONES
SHORT BONES
FLAT BONES
SESAMOID BONES
PNEUMATIC BONES
IRREGULAR BONES
bones found in limbs that serve as supporting
columns and levers for the skeleton, assisting in body
support, locomotion, and eating
elongated, round
shaft with two ends
LONG BONES
FEMUR AND HUMERUS
cube-shaped bones that contain a spongy substance filled with
marrow spaces surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone
reduce frcton and change the direction of tendons in the joint of a limb
SHORT BONES
knee and hock
relatively thin, long, and wide bones that contain two
plates of compact bone surrounded by spongy bone
protect vital organs
FLAT BONES
ribs, sternum, and scapula
flat and round bones that are located along the
course of tendons
pull
reduce frctn & change the direction of tendons/ the angle of muscle
SESAMOID BONES
kneecap, or patella
bones that contain air spaces (sinuses) which
are in contact with the atmosphere
PNEUMATIC BONES
Frontal and maxillary bones
bones that protect and support the central
nervous system
IRREGULAR BONES
serve as points of attachment for tendons and
ligaments
NON-ARTICULAR PROJECTIONS AND DEPRESSIONS
WHERE DO BONES GROW?
EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE
an increase in both
diameter and length of the bone
BONE GROWTH
produces new boney tissue that increases the
diameter of the bone
PERIOSTEUM
involved with repairing bone fractures
the epiphysial cartilage becomes
calcified, bony material
OSSIFICATION
PROCESS OF BONE FORMATION
OSTEOGENESIS
the parent cells of connective tissue, accomplish this process by
multiplying and secreting an enzyme called phosphatase
OSTEOBLASTS
causes some of the cells to mature and secrete
calcium salts for ossification
PHOSPHATASE
(mature bone cells) are surrounded by calcified
osteoid material
OSTEOCYTES
cells that secrete phosphatase which dissolves bone tissue, and increasing blood supply are responsible for bone re-absorption.
OSTEOCLASTS
bone-forming cells
OSTEOBLASTS
fibrin clot
CALLUS
Types of Bone Fractures
SIMPLE FRACTURE
COMPOUND FRACTURE
GREENSTICK FRACTURE
EPIPHYSEAL FRACTURE
COMPLETE FRACTURE
COMMINUTED FRACTURE
a broken bone
that does not puncture the skin
SIMPLE FRACTURE
a broken bone that results in the bone protruding through the skin, making infections possible
COMPOUND FRACTURE
one side of the bone is fractured and the other
side is bent
GREENSTICK FRACTURE
a break in the bone that occurs at the juncture of the epiphysis (end) and diaphysis (shaft)
EPIPHYSEAL FRACTURE
the bone is
broken completely across
COMPLETE FRACTURE
the bone is broken into fragments due to
crushing or splintering
COMMINUTED FRACTURE
three main types of joints
IMMOVEABLE JOINTS
SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE JOINTS
FREELY MOVEABLE JOINTS
joints that are filled with fibrous tissue early in life and ossify as the animal matures, making them immobile
IMMOVEABLE JOINTS
SKULL
joints that allow limited movement
forward, backward, and sideways
have flattened discs of cartilage; gliding joints
SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE JOINTS
joints of vertebral column; PELVIC BONE
synovial joints, allow friction-free movement
FREELY MOVEABLE JOINTS
bone surfaces are shaped to operate smoothly with the bones to which they connect
ARTICULAR SURFACES
cartilage that
covers the articular surface and
absorbs concussions
Articular cartilage
capsule that contains synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint and allows for the friction-free movement
Joint capsule
connective tissue
bands that connect bone to bone
LIGAMENTS
moves in two
directions, flexion and extension
HINGE JOINTS
KNEE JOINTS
move in slight
gliding motions between flat
surfaces
PLANE JOINTS
carpals or small cubeshaped bones in knee joint
allows rotary motion
PIVOT JOINT
axis and atlas vertebra
allows movement in almost all directions and is characterized by a spherical head on one bone fitting into a cup-shaped socket of the other bone
BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
HIP JOINT
onsists of the bones that are either on the midline of the back or are attached to the bones of the midline, including the
skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
AXIAL SKELETON
protects the brain, houses many of the sense organs, and
contains the beginnings of the digestive and respiratory systems
SKULL
Many cranial and facial bones occur in pairs, one on each side of the head and are connected at joints called
SUTURES
MAJOR BONES IN CRANIUM
OCCIPITAL BONES
PARIETAL BONES
FRONTAL BONES
ETHMOID BONES
SPHENOID BONES
situated at the
back and lower part of the
cranium
OCCIPITAL BONE
form the sides
and roof of the cranium
PARIETAL BONES
serve as the origin
of horns in horned animals
FRONTAL BONES
contains openings for olfactory nerves that are responsible for the sense of smell
ETHMOID BONES
supports the
brain and pituitary gland
SPHENOID BONES
contains eye sockets
that house and protect the eyes
ORBITAL SECTION
two small, oblong
bones that form the “bridge” of the
nose
NASAL SECTION
bones that support the teeth and provide muscle attachment for chewing and swallowing.
ORAL SECTION
Vertebral Column
5 anatomical regions including
**cervical,
thoracic,
lumbar,
sacral, **
and coccygeal vertebrae
neck area and allow for movement of the head
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
thin, flat, curved bones that protect the heart, lungs, stomach,
spleen, and kidneys
RIBS
ribs that are
attached to the sternum by cartilage
TRUE RIBS (STERNAL RIBS)
ribs that do not connect directly to the sternum, but may
connect to the last sternal rib by cartilage
FALSE RIBS
ribs that have no
connection to other ribs in the
sternum area
FLOATING RIBS
several small bones (sternebrae) that fuse together as
animal ages to form the floor of the thoracic cavity
STERNEBRAE
bone that forms the point of the hock and serves
as a lever for muscles that extend the hock
fibular tarsal
two rows of tarsal bones in the hind leg that correspond
to the ankle in humans and are similar to the carpus in the front leg
tarsus
the largest sesamoid bone in quadrupeds
patella
the site of several hip and thigh
muscle attachments
femur
a long bone that extends
from the hip joint to the stifle joint
femur
ventral bones in the pelvis
that form the floor of the pelvic girdle
pubis
the
rear points of the ischium bones are
called the
pin bones
the front points
of the ilium bones are called the
hook bones
