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Neoplasia > 1 > Flashcards

1 Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormal proliferation of cells serving no purpose / function

A

Neoplasm

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2
Q

Interchangeably used with the word ‘Tumor”

A

Neoplasm

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3
Q

Classification based on biologic behavior or fatality

A

Benign
Intermediate Tumor
Malignant Tumor

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4
Q

● Innocent type
● Slow growth rate
● No infiltration
● no metastasis
● High patient survival rate after successful surgery

A

Benign

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5
Q

Types of Benign

A

Simple benign tumor
Mixed simple benign tumor
Compound simple benign tumor

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6
Q

Simple benign tumor Sub classifications based on origin

A

A. Of epithelial tumor (ectoderm)
B. Of connective tissue origin

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7
Q

glands/glandular pattern

A

Adenoma

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8
Q

fingerlike projections

A

Papilloma

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9
Q

large, cystic masses (ovary)

A

Cystadenoma

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10
Q

of connective tissue origin
Muscle tissue
Mesenchymal origin - CT, MT of mesodermal origin

A

Chondroma - cartilage
Hemangioma - blood vessels
Osteoma - bone
Rhabdomyoma - skeletal muscle
Lymphangioma - lymph vessels
Leiomyoma - smooth muscle
Lipoma - adipose tissue

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11
Q

● Ending in “oma” but not benign
● Are malignant cancer

A

Melanoma - melanocytes (skin)
Lymphoma - lymph
Hepatoma - liver cells

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12
Q

● Ending in “oma” but non-neoplastic lesions, simulating tumors

A

Choristoma
Hamartoma

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13
Q

ectopic, sometimes nodulars

A

Choristoma

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14
Q
  • a mass of disorganized tissue
  • indigenous
  • to the particular site
A

Hamartoma

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15
Q

Involves two cell types arising from the same germ layer that differentiates into more than one parenchymal cell type.

A

Mixed Simple Benign Tumor

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16
Q

− epithelial cells
− cartilage-like tissue
− myxiod stroma

A

Mixed salivary gland tumor

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17
Q

arise from differentiation of
ductal epithelial cells

A

Myxiod stroma

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18
Q

Several cell types arising from the three germ layers

A

Compound Simple Benign Tumor

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19
Q

Sub classification of Compound Simple Benign Tumor

A

Dermoid cyst

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20
Q

− mature teratoma of the ovary − mature testicular teratoma

A

Dermoid cyst

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21
Q

Locally aggressive neoplasm Low-grade malignant neoplasm Borderline neoplasm

A

Intermediate Tumor

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22
Q

● Fatal type of neoplasm
● Often referred to as “cancer”
● The term “cancer” –derived from the way in which the tumor grips the surrounding tissue with claw-like extensions like a “crab”
● CANCER - Greek Word “Carcinos”
● Refers to Zodiac Sign ‘CANCER’…the CRAB….with its tendril-like projections…like the 10 legged sea creature.

A

Malignant Tumor

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23
Q

Characteristics of Anaplastic or poorly differentiated Tumors: (ANAPLASIA)

A
  1. Nuclear & Cellular Pleomorphism
  2. Hyperchromatism
  3. Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Ratio
  4. Active mitosis
  5. Presence of Giant Tumor Cells
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24
Q

● wide variations in shape and size of cells and nuclei

A
  1. Nuclear & Cellular Pleomorphism
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25
Q

● darkly stained nuclei that frequently contain prominent nucleoli

A
  1. Hyperchromatism
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26
Q

● 1:1 instead of 1:4 indicating enlargement of nuclei

A
  1. Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Ratio
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27
Q

● proliferative activity
● mitotic figures may be abnormal

A
  1. Active mitosis
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28
Q

● with a single, large polyploid nucleus or multiple nuclei

A
  1. Presence of Giant Tumor Cells
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29
Q

Methods of Microscopic Classification

A

A. Based on microscopic Cellular Reading
B. Broder’s Classification

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30
Q

● Tumor invasiveness
● The process of spreading out of the tumor throughout the body
● Involves invasion of the lymphatics, blood vessels and body
cavities by tumor cells, followed by transport and growth of secondary tumor cell masses that are discontinuous with the primary tumor.
● The single most important feature distinguishing benign from malignant tumors.
● Exceptions: brain tumors and basal cell carcinoma of the skin, almost all malignant tumors have the capacity to metastasize.
Invasiveness Factors

A

Metastasis

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31
Q

Invasiveness Factors

A

Decrease in Cohesiveness
Loss of Contact Inhibition

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32
Q

● loss of structural integrity of the juxta-luminal junctional complex
● due to low calcium content, cancers cells detach from the primary neoplasm and are carried to the diff parts of the body.

A

Decrease in Cohesiveness

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33
Q

● neighboring cells no longer exert pressure
● promotes cellular proliferation and cellular enlargement

A

Loss of Contact Inhibition

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34
Q

Routes of Metastasis

A

Seeding into body cavities
Lymphatic permeation
Hematogenous spread

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35
Q

● peritoneal, pleural, pericardial and sub-arachnoid spaces

A

Seeding into body cavities

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36
Q

● tumor cells in lymphatic circulation to other parts of the body

A

Lymphatic permeation

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37
Q

● blood circulation esp. the venous system

A

Hematogenous spread

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38
Q

Spell UICC

A

United Institute Center for Cancer

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39
Q

● Uses the “TNM” system

A

UICC

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40
Q

● where:
– extent of tumor from primary tumor

A

T

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41
Q
  • involvement of the regional lymph nodes
A

N

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42
Q
  • presence / absence of metastasis
A

M

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43
Q

Classification of Cancer
Based on Histological Characteristics

A
  1. Medullary type
  2. Schirrous (Skir-rus)
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44
Q

more cellular than stromal
● very soft and very malignant

A

Medullary type

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45
Q

● more stromal (fibrous) than cellular ● cells are entrapped in the stroma
● hard / firm type
● less malignant

A
  1. Schirrous (Skir-rus)
46
Q

● Belief: 4 body humors (body fluids)
● blood/ phlegm / yellow & black bile
● Balanced humors – healthy person
● Unbalanced – cause disease
● Excess Black bile – causes cancer
● Remained unchallenged through the middle ages for over 1300
years

A

Humoral Theory of Hippocrates

47
Q

● Cancer was composed of fermenting and degenerating lymph,
varying in density, acidity and alkalinity.

A
  1. Lymph Theory of Stahl/Hoffman
48
Q

● Demonstrated that cancer is made up of cells and not lymph.
● Belief: cancer come from abnormal cells. He proposed that
cancer cells developed from budding elements (blastema) between normal tissues.

A
  1. Blastema Theory of Johannes Muller
49
Q

cancer is spread by the spread of malignant cells NOT through some unidentified liquid

A
  1. Chronic Irritation Theory of Rudolf Virchow
50
Q

● Any traumatic events can cause cancer

A

Trauma theory

51
Q

Cancer was contagious → ‘contagion theory”

A
  1. Infectious Disease Theory
52
Q

chemical structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick

A

Mid 19th century (1953)

53
Q

a change in the DNA sequence

A

Mutation

54
Q

Mutation may be due to

A

a. Proto-oncogenes (normal genes - regulates cell growth )

55
Q

− are the genes that normally control how often a cell
divides and the degree to which it differentiates (or
specializes).
− If altered due to mutation will lead to cancer formation.

A

Proto - oncogenes

56
Q

● Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA errors, and tell cells when to die (a process known as apoptosis or programmed cell death). When tumor suppressor genes don’t work properly, cells can grow out of control, which can lead to cancer.

A

Inactivation of Tumor Suppressor Genes

57
Q

● Correlates with pre-carcinogen, one of the types of chemical carcinogen → initiation stage
● Mutagens

A
  1. Multi-Stage Theory
58
Q

Types of Multi-Stage Theory

A

Direct acting carcinogen
Pre-carcinogens
Co-carcinogen

59
Q

directly cause formation of neoplastic growth

A

Direct-acting carcinogen

60
Q

proximate to ultimate carcinogen

A

Pre-carcinogens (non-active)

61
Q

promoter

A

Co-carcinogen

62
Q

Etiology of neoplasm
A. Exogenous factors/agents

A

Biologic Agents
Chemical carcinogens
Acidic Diet
Physical Agents
Endogenous Factors

63
Q

Viral carcinogens – DNA & RNA viruses

A

Biologic Agents

64
Q

DNA VIRUSES

A

HPV
EBV
HBV

65
Q

direct-acting agents: cyclophosphamide Busulfan

A

Alkylating Agents

66
Q

− present in cigarette smoke − lung cancer

A

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

67
Q

− B-naphthylamine – aniline dyes – rubber industries
− Bladder cancer

A

Azo dyes

68
Q

− Aflatoxins – produced by Aspergillus flavus − common in grains and nuts
− a hepatocarcinogen

A

Naturally occuring carcinogens

69
Q

− derived from digested proteins or ingested nitrites − gastric cancer

A

Nitrosamines and amides

70
Q

− asbestos – sound-proof rooms − vinyl chloride
− metals: nickel

A

Miscellaneous chemical carcinogens

71
Q

− Food (proteins) that are subjected to high heat creates carcinogenic by -products →heterocyclic amines
● Deep fried food
● Grilled/ barbequed food
● Baked meats
● Red meat and processed meats (bacon, ham, sausages)
● Excessive intake of salt, sugar and oily foods..

A

Acidic Diet

72
Q

Physical agents example

A

● UV Rays
● Radiation

73
Q

. Endogenous Factors examples

A

Age
Race
Heredity

74
Q

Laboratory techniques H&E staining technique

A

Histotech

75
Q

Pap’s Smear (Papanicolau staining technique)

A

Cytotech

76
Q

Other examinations

A

Immunochemmistry
CHA CANCER HUMAN ANTIGEN

77
Q

carcinoma in situ. Early form

A

Stage 0

78
Q

cancers are localized to one part of the body.

A

Stage I

79
Q

cancers are early locally advanced.

A

Stage II

80
Q

cancers are also late locally advanced.

A

Stage III

81
Q

cancers have often metastasized, or spread to other organs or throughout the body. Metastasized

A

Stage IV

82
Q

● Measurement of DNA content of tumor cells

A

Flow Cytometry

83
Q
  • absence of atypical / abnormal cells
A

CLASS I

84
Q
  • atypical cytologic picture but not suggestive of
    malignancy
A

Class II

85
Q
  • cytologic picture strongly suggestive of malignancy
A

Class IV

86
Q
  • cytologic picture suggestive but not conclusive of malignancy
A

Class III

87
Q
  • cytologic picture suggestive but not conclusive of malignancy
A

CLASS III

88
Q

cytologic picture conclusive of malignancy

A

Class V

89
Q

the most common form of human cancer.

A

Skin Cancer

90
Q

which is in sunlight, is the main cause of skin cancer.

A

Ultraviolet light,

91
Q

have the longest wavelengths,

A

UVA RAYS

92
Q

transmitted through the atmosphere

A

UVB RAYS

93
Q

transmitted through the atmosphere

A

UVB RAYS

94
Q

● absorbed by the Earth’s ozone layer.

A

UVC RAYS

95
Q

● absorbed by the Earth’s ozone layer.

A

UVC RAYS

96
Q

A colorless gas that forms a layer
● It absorbs harmful components of sunlight, the UV B, protecting
living things.

A

Ozone layer

97
Q

● UV Rays exceed what can be blocked by your level of melanin

A

Sunburn

98
Q

● Basal Cell Carcinoma + Squamous cell carcinoma
● generally curable.
● The cure rate for this skin cancer could be 100% if
these lesions were brought to a doctor’s attention before they had a chance to spread

A

Nonmelanoma skin cancer

99
Q

● is the most common form of skin cancer and accounts for more than 90% of all skin cancer in the U.S.
● These cancers almost never spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.
● They cause damage by growing and invading surrounding tissue.

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

100
Q

● A basal cell carcinoma usually begins as a small, dome-shaped bump and is often covered by small, superficial blood vessels called

A

telangiectases

101
Q

● Some basal cell carcinomas
contain————, making them look dark rather than shiny.

A

melanin pigment

102
Q

● To make a proper diagnosis, doctors usually remove all or part of the growth by performing a biopsy.

A

Biopsy

103
Q

● This usually involves taking a sample by injecting a local anesthesia and scraping a small piece of skin.

A

Shave biopsy

104
Q

which are thin, flat cells that look like fish scales under the microscope.

A

Squamous Cell Carcinomas

105
Q

sometimes referred to as squamous cell carcinoma in situ.

A

Bowen’s Disease

106
Q

These are genital warts that under the microscope look like Bowen’s disease but behave like warts, not like cancers. Caused by strains of HPV

A

Bowenoid Papulosis

107
Q

Mohs Micrographic Surgery is named after its inventor

A

Dr. Fredric Mohs

108
Q

is a medical treatment that uses a photosensitizing drug (a drug that becomes activated by light exposure) and a light source to activate the applied drug.
● The result is an activated oxygen molecule that can destroy nearby cells. Precancerous cells and certain types of cancer cells can be treated this way.

A

Polydynamic Therapy

109
Q

Used for skin pre-cancer conditions, acne, skin cancer, sun damage, cosmetic skin improvement, oily skin, enlarged sebaceous glands, wrinkles, rejuvenation (anti-
aging), warts, psoriasis, and many other skin conditions.
● It is not used to
remove moles or birthmarks

A

Levulan Stick

110
Q

is a rating system that determines how long a sunscreen protects your skin from the sun’s UVB rays.

A

Sun Protection Factor

111
Q

measures only the level of protection from UVB rays, the ultraviolet rays that cause sunburn, and does not measure levels for the far more dangerous UVA rays, which penetrate the skin more deeply and can cause damage at the cellular level.

A

SPF

Neoplasia (1 decks)

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