1 Flashcards
Nurses teach the client and family or significant other
how to prepare for the test and the care that may be required following the test.
Diagnostic testing involves three phases
pretest
intratest
post-test
This phase focuses on
CLIENT preparation
pretest
This phase focuses on specimen collection and performing or assisting with certain diagnostic testing.
intratest
This phase focuses on nursing care of the client and follow-up activities and observations.
post-test
The the nurse compares the previous and current test results and modifies nursing interventions as
needed.
post-test
Are commonly used diagnostic tests that provide valuable information abouttha hematologic system and many other body systems
blood test
WHO can extract the blood?
phlebotomist
A person from a laboratory who performs venipuncture, usually collects the blood specimen for the tests ordered by the primary care provider.
phlebotomist
Nurses may draw blood samples and are called
nurse-phlebotomist
is a blood test used to evaluate your overall health and detect wide range of disorders
complete blood count
Is the main intracellular protein of erythrocytes
hemoglobin
is a measure of the total amount of hemoglobin in the blood.
hemoglobin test
Measures the percentage of RBCs in the total blood volume.
hematocrit
Hemoglobin and hematocrit are often ordered together and commonly referred to as
H&H
Are responsible for transporting oxygen from your lungs to your body’s tissues.
red blood cells
which is the number of RBCs per cubic millimeter of whole blood.
RBC count
may be performed as part of the CBC to evaluate the size, weight, and hemoglobin corcentration of RBCs.
RBC indices
A cellular component of the blood that lacks hemoglobin, has a nucleus, is capable of motility, and defends the body against infection and disease by ingesting foreign materials and cellular debris, by destroying infectious agents and cancer cells, or by producing antibodies
white blood cell
are often routinely ordered for any client admitted to a hospital as a screening test for electrolyte and acid-base balance.
serum electrolytes
Is a blood test that measures levels of the body’s main electrolytes
serum electrolytes
What are the components of serum electrolytes
sodium
chloride
potassium
bicarbonate
which helps control the amount of fluid in the body. It also helps your nerves and muscles work
properly.
sodium
which also helps control the amount of fluid in the body. In addition, it helps maintain healthy blood volume and blood pressure.
chloride
which helps your heart and muscles work
properly.
potassium
helps maintain the body’s acid and base balance. It also plays an important role in moving carbon dioxide through the bloodstream.
bicarbonate
is a measure of the different solutes in plasma.
serum or plasma osmolality
It is primarily determined by sodium and its corresponding anions
(chloride and bicarbonate), glucose, and
urea.
serum osmolality
Serum osmolality values are used primarily to evaluate
fluid balance
normal value of serum osmolality
280 to 300 mOsm/kg
is often conducted when a client is taking a medication with a narrow therapeutic range
therapeutic drug monitoring
is a blood test that requires a sample from an artery in your body to measure the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood.
ABG test
Gout detection
uric acid
A test done on a sample of blood to measure the amount of certain substances in the body.
blood chemistry test
These substances include electrolytes
sodium
potassium
chloride
fats
proteins
glucose
enzymes
is a special test used to test your baby for certain serious medical conditions.
newborn metabolic screen
The goal of the screen is to identify babies who have these disorders before they ever get sick, and to help them get treatment as soon as possible.
newborn metabolic screen
The adult metabolic screen measures five things
waistline
Blood pressure
HDL cholesterol level
triglyceride level
fasting blood sugar
is taken to measure the current blood glucose level when frequent tests are required or when a venipuncture cannot be performed.
capillary blood glucose
fasting glucose
70-90 mg/dl
pre-meal glucose
90-100 mg/dl
1 hr after meal
< 130 mg/ dl
2 hrs after a meal
< 120 mg/dl
Nurse’s role
provide client comfort, privacy, safety
A stool test may also be referred to as a
stool sample
stool culture
fecal sample
This type of test looks at fecal matter for evidence of a medical condition.
stool test
The test for occult blood,
Guaiac test
can give the doctor valuable information about many body systems especially kidney function.
urinalysis
is one type of specimen that can be easily collected from a patient.
urine
May be performed to assess the abdominal area for causes of abdominal pain, or to assess the organs and structures of the urinary and/or gastrointestinal (Gl) system
Kidney ureter and bladder X-ray
are also radiographic studies used to evaluate the urinary tract.
intravenous pyelography
retrograde pyelography
is a noninvasive test that uses reflected sound waves to visualize the kidneys.
renal ultrasonography
a lighted instrument inserted through the
urethra.
cystoscope
provides a graphic recording of the heart’s electrical activity.
electrocardiography
can then be examine to detect dysrhvthmias and alterations in conduction indicative of myocardial damage enlargement of the heart, or drug effects.
electrocardiogram
uses ECGs to assess the client’s response to an increased cardiac workload during exercise.
stress electrocardiography
is an invasive procedure requiring informed consent of the client.
angiography
a noninvasive test that uses ultrasound to visualize structures of the heart and evaluate left ventricular function.
echocardiogram
records the emissions from radioisotopes that indicate how well gas and blood are traveling through the lungs
lung scan
is a painless, noninvasive x-ray procedure that has the unique capability of distinguishing minor differences in the density of tissues.
computed tomography
is a noninvasive diagnostic scanning technique in which the client is placed in a magnetic
field.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
a noninvasive radiologic study that involves the injection or inhalation of a radioisotope.
positron emission tomography
This allows study of various aspects of organ function and may include evaluation of blood flow and tumor growth, for example
positron emission tomography
the withdrawal of fluid that has abnormally collected (e.g., pleural cavity, abdominal cavity) or the obtaining of a specimen (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid).
aspiration
is the removal and examination of tissue.
biopsy
A procedure in which a thin needle called a spinal needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give drugs.
lumbar puncture
is withdrawn through a needle inserted into the subarachnoid space of the spinal canal between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae
Cerebrospinal fluid
To remove the excess fluid or air to ease breathing.
It is also performed to introduce chemotherapeutic drugs intrapleurally.
thoracentesis
is carried out to obtain a fluid specimen for laboratory study and to relieve pressure on the abdominal organs due to the presence of excess fluid.
abdominal paracentesis
a sample of liver tissue is aspirated.
liver biopsy
The client exhales and is instructed to hold his or her breath while the primary care provider inserts the biopsy needle, injects a small amount of sterile normal saline to clear the needle of blood or particles of tissue picked up during insertion, and aspirates liver tissue by drawing back on the plunger of the syringe.
liver biopsy
Types of Urine Specimen
- first morning specimen
- Single random specimen
- Timed short-term specimens
- Timed long term specimens: 12 or 24 hours
- Catheterized specimen or specimen from an indwelling catheter
- Double voided specimens (test for sugar and acetone)
- Clean-catch (midstream) specimen for urine culture and cytological analysis
