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Hum Industrial Revolution > 1 > Flashcards

1 Flashcards

1
Q

When did the industrial revolution begin in Great Britain?

A

1760

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2
Q

Diffusion of the Industrial revolution:
What did Britain lead the way in?

A

-Transportation
(Ships and trains)

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3
Q

Consequences of the Industrial revolution

A

-increased food production; population growth
-migration from rural to urban
-large farm proliferation is rewarded

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4
Q

Malthusian Catastrophe

A

when the amount of food is too little to sustain the number of people.

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5
Q

New social and spatial forms

A

-New social classes and relations
New division of labor
-Mass production and assembly line “deskilling”
-Division of labor and gender
-work vs home life and uniformity
-Workers only learn one thing and then become very replaceable as a consequence

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6
Q

International competition for resources

A

-Great Britain and India
-Berlin conference/scramble for Africa

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7
Q

International competition for markets

A

-foreign markets and the international division of labor

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8
Q

Developed Country

A

has progressed further along the development continuum

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9
Q

Developing country

A

has made less than desired progress along the development continuum
-progress varies between developing countries so the UN divides them into high, medium and low developing

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10
Q

Development

A

is the process of improving the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology

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11
Q

Human Development Index (HDI)

A

measures the level of development for a country through the combination of:
-living standards, a long healthy life, education, and access to knowledge

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12
Q

Developing regions of the world

A

Latin America, Siberia, Southwest Asia/North Africa, Central Asia, East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia

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13
Q

Developed regions of the world

A

-North America, Europe

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14
Q

Gross national income (GNI)

A

is the value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year (including money that leaves/enters the country)

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15
Q

Purchasing power parity (PPP)

A

is the adjustment made to the GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods and services

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16
Q

Gross domestic product (GDP)

A

the value of the output goods and services produced in a country in a year (does not include money that leaves/enters the country)

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17
Q

Primary sector

A

includes extracting materials from the earth by mining, fishing, farming, forestry, hunting/gathering, and nomadic herding.
-3% US jobs
-paid less/mostly in deving countries

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18
Q

Secondary sector

A

includes manufacturing: processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials into products.
-industry

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19
Q

Tertiary sector

A

includes the provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment: retailing, banking, law, education, and government. Examples: marketing, loans, repairs, waiting, tables, entertainment, tourism, teaching
-80% of U.S. jobs

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20
Q

Quaternary sector

A

-Deals with money and processing of information
-Examples of these types of jobs are banking, insurance, and real estate

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21
Q

Quinary sector

A

The upper echelon- presidents and kings n kick

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22
Q

Quinary sector

A

Jobs that deal with decision-making and leadership
-executives, government officials, school principals

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23
Q

Productivity

A

is the value of the product compared with the amount of labor needed to make it
-Developed countries can produce more with less effort: access to tractors
-Developed: more productivity

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24
Q

Years of schooling

A

the number of years the average over 25 has spent in school
-Developed countries: 12.2 year avg
-Developing countries: 7.3 year avg

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25
Q

Expected years of schooling for today’s youth

A

the number of years that the UN expects an average 5 year old will spend in school.
-Developed countries: 16.4 years (half of 5 year olds graduate college)
-Developing countries: 10.1 years

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26
Q

Gender Development Index (GDI)

A

Indicator that measures the gender gap

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27
Q

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A

Indicator that measures the gender gap in the level of achievement in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market

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28
Q

labor-intensive industry

A

is an industry in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a high percentage of expenses.
-$35 per hour for developed, less than $2 in China/India

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29
Q

Post-Fordist production

A

is often used to describe flexible production. This organizes workers into teams that perform a variety of tasks and solve problems through consensus (computer literacy, college degrees)

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30
Q

Bulk-reducing industry

A

An industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final products
-minimize transport costs by locating near its sources of inputs

31
Q

Proximity to markets

A

The optimal plant location is as close as possible to the customer if the cost of transporting raw materials to the factory is less than the cost of transporting the product to consumers

32
Q

Proximity to Input

A

The optimal plant location is as close to possible to inputs if the cost of transporting raw materials to the factory is greater than the cost of transporting the product to consumers

33
Q

situation factors

A

location factors relating to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.

34
Q

Bulk-gaining industry

A

makes something that gains volume or weight during production. -minimize transport costs by locating near its sources of inputs
-Steel/Metal fabrication, Automobiles, Beverage industry

35
Q

Single-market manufacturers

A

are specialized manufacturers with only one or two customers.

36
Q

Break-in-bulk point

A

a place where goods are transferred from one mode of transport to another
-docks where goods transfer from ship to truck.

37
Q

Perishable-Products Companies

A

-located near their markets
-bread, milk
-food production
-Canned food isn’t as perishable

38
Q

(IHDI)

A

Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI): Inequality within Human Development

39
Q

world-systems theory

A

According to Wallerstein’s world-systems theory, in an increasingly unified world economy, developed countries form an inner core area, whereas developing countries occupy peripheral locations

40
Q

Rostow’s Model
Stage One

A

Stage One: Traditional Society
Trade: Local exchange
Labor Market: Primary Sector (subsistence farming) (personal farming
Wealth: little ability to “move up”
Examples: Medevil Europe

41
Q

Rostow’s Model
Stage two

A

Stage Two: Preconditions for Takeoff
Trade: Small scale international trade developing
Labor Market: shift to secondary sector; beginning of industrialization
Wealth: Increased Investment in business and infastructure
Examples: Bangladesh, Cambodia, Ethiopia

42
Q

Rostow’s Model
Stage three

A

Stage Three: Takeoff
Trade: Major export industry, increased international trade
Labor Market: Full industrialization and high output
Wealth: Businesses make money -> shift to patteerens of consumption
Examples: NICS: Newly Industrialized Countries: Philippines, India, Vietnam

43
Q

Rostow’s Model
Stage four

A

Stage Four: Drive to Maturity
Trade: larger variety of exports
Labor Market: industry, skilled workers, education widespread, tertiary sector
Wealth: Investment in social infastructure: schools, hospitals, etc.
Examples: Brazil, Russia, China

44
Q

Rostow’s Model
Stage five

A

Stage Five: High Mass Consumption
Trade: global trade leader
Labor Market: most tertiary sector
Wealth: More money spent by citizens on nonessential goods
Examples: Japan, Western Europe, US, Canada

45
Q

Core-periphery model - core, semi-periphery, periphery countries

A

Core: US, UK, Japan, Australia, Germany
Semi-Periphery: Brazil, Russia, India, China, Mexico, South Africa
Periphery: Peru, Nigeria, Haiti, every sub-saharan african country ever

46
Q

Dependency Theory:

A

Resources=Raw materials
-Move from Periphery to Semi periphery to Core
-Cheap Labor in Periphery/SP

47
Q

Commodity Dependence

A

the percentage of money gained from exporting goods
Global North and Global South -> North more to developed (including Europe, NA, AUS)

48
Q

Self-Sufficiency Model:

A

(The internal and more selfish approach) discouraging foreign ownership of resources, and protecting their businesses from international competition

49
Q

Import limit examples

A

high taxes on imported goods, limiting the quantity of imported goods, and licensees restricting the number of legal importers

50
Q

Insulation

A

Fledgling businesses are nursed to success by being isolated from competititon with large international corporations. Such insulation from the potentially adverse impacts of decisions made by businesses and governments in developed countries encourages a country’s fragile business to achieve independence

51
Q

Equal investment

A

investment spread equally within a country’s economy and regions
Equal income: Incomes in the countryside keep pace with those in the city and reducing

52
Q

Four Dragons:

A

South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong were among the first countries to adopt the international trade path

53
Q

Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula States

A

Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, and the UAE; were among the world’s least developed countries, until the escalating petroleum prices beginnings in the 1970s.

54
Q

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

A

International trade requires corporations based in a particular country to invest in other countries.
-although this does not flow equally around the world
-one third went to China, another one third to Singapore, Brazil, Russia, and Mexico

55
Q

Microfinances

A

are an alternative source of loans for would-be business owners in developing countries that are too poor to qualify for regular bank loans.

56
Q

Complementarity

A

interaction between two countries that provide resources, goods, and services that meet the need of the oher (60% of US oil is from Canada)

57
Q

Comparative Advantage

A

specialize in one particular thing you are best at making
Trade surplus: Exporting more than importing

58
Q

Trade deficit

A

Importing more than exporting

59
Q

Trade surplus

A

Exporting more than importing

60
Q

Tariff

A

tax paid on imports or exports but “passed on to consumers”
-Trade War: making it harder to trade (Russia, Cuba)
-Embargoes

61
Q

World Trade Organization

A

WTO (est .1995): World Trade Organization
-ensure that trade flows as smoothly as possible
-global system of trade rules

62
Q

Merrcosur

A

Merrcosur (est. 1991): South American trade market
-regional agreement
-Venezuela suspended lmao
-French Guiana not included

63
Q

OPEC

A

OPEC (est. 1960): Organization of the Petroleum Export Countries
-Produces 40% of the world’s oil
-agreeing on the supply of oil (NOT the price)

64
Q

International Finance

A

International Finance
-aids developing countries
-Free trade, open markets

65
Q

BRICS

A

Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa - countries chilling together potentially ruling the global economy in the future

66
Q

Outsourcing

A

is when transnational corporations allocate production to low-wage countries.
-important in the electronics industry

67
Q

Vertical integration

A

is the traditional approach of mass production, in which one company would control every stage of production

68
Q

SEZs

A

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
-SEZs are geographically delimited areas within which governments promote industrial activity through fiscal and regulatory incentives and infrastructure support. They go by many different names, including free-trade zones and industrial parks
-Objectives: foreign investment, employment, economic reform, policy testing

69
Q

Government role in economy:

A

-Taxes, education/training, support agglomeration economies (silicon valley, Motown), Tariffs, international agreements (NAFTA, USMCA)

70
Q

Maquiladoras

A

Mexican assembly plant that imports materials and equipment from companies in the U.S. to assemble and export back as finished products

71
Q

Division of Labor

A

-changing locations of industry
-Developing in your own house
-multiple floors
-advances to the assembly line model
-nowadays usually not everything is done in one country

72
Q

Capital of Tonga

A

Nuku’Alofa

73
Q

Bedroom in Spanish

A

dormitorio

74
Q

quieres?

A

tacos

Hum Industrial Revolution (1 decks)

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